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THE 



LUMBERMAN'S 



HAND BOOK 



OF 



Inspection and Grading. 



NE W EDITION i88q. 



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By W; B. JUDSON. 



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-/ OF: 



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ILLUSTRATEIX 










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Copyright A .D. 1879, by IV. B. Jiidson, 
Copyright A.D. iSSi, '^y W. B. Jiidson. 
Copyright A.D. iSS'o,, [y W. B.Judson. 



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PRICE OF THIS BOOK, 
IJY MAIL, $1.25. 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Acre, dimensions of 198 

Albany Inspection 6 

Area of circles 199 

Arkansas Lien Law 162 

Arkansas yellow pine inspection.200 

Baltimore Inspection 62 

Bastard sawing 189 

Boston Inspection 101 

Burlington, Vt., Inspection 41 

Caliper measurement 135 

Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. rules .... 128 

Chicago Cargo Inspection , 15 

" Hardwood Inspection, . 23 

" Yard Grading 18 

Christiana Standard 133 

Cincinnati Inspection 65 

Circles, areas of 199 

Cisterns, capacity of 195 

Connecticut Lien Law 163 

Compression, resistance to 150 

Cumberland River Log Scale 136 

Custom House caliper measure . 135 

Deals, Quebec 55 

Deals, standards .133 

Doyle's Log Rule ;.,.... 140 

Dry measure ^ ......... , 196 

Edge grain sawing 189 

English Lumber measures .133 

Flobr, wall and roof measure. . .197 

Gauges of matched lumber 202 

Growth of timber 186 

Hints to builders 146 

Hydraulic prime movers 198 

Illinois Lien Law 163 



PAGE. 

Indiana Lien Law 164 

Inspection — 

Albany q 

Arkansas pine 200 

Baltimore, hardwood 62 

Burlington, Vt 41 

Chicago, cai^o 15 

" Hardwood 23 

" Yard Grading I8 

Cincinnati, hardwood 65 

Export, of white pine 100 

Introductory 1 

Louisville, Hardwood 86 

Maine Survey 39 

" Pine 40 

" Spruce 41 

Massachusetts State Law 101 

" White pine 103 

' ' Spruce and hemlock . 106 

" Yellow pine 107 

" Hardwood. m 

Michigan ; 7 

" Law of 1873 8 

Minneapolis ■. .60 

Nashville .-93 

New Orleans ,42 

New York Inspection 115 

North Carolina Pine, Rules of 
Manufacturers' Association 99 

Pensacola pitch pine 89 

Philadelphia Hardwood 71 

" White pine 78 

" Spruce 81 

" Hemlock 81 

" Yellow pine 82 

*' North Carolina pine . 84 



INDEX. 



Inspection— Continued. page. 

Poplar, Mfrs. Ass'n rules 51 

Quebec culling 53 

Saginaw pine 11 

St. Louis 31 

Williamsport 38 

Yellow pine 36 

Iowa Lien Law. 166 

Kansas Lien Law 168 

Kentucky Lien Law 168 

Land Measure 196 

Law of Log Liens (see Log Liens) 
Laws of Liens (see Mechanics' 

Liens) 

Lien Laws (see Mech'ics Liens) . 

Liquid measure 196 

Liverpool string measure 13.") 

Load of timber 196 

Load— of timber 134 

Log classification at Nashville. .137 

Log Liens 183-185 

" Maine 183 

" Michigan 183 

" Minnesota 184 

" New Hampshire 184 

" Vermont 184 

" Wisconsin 185 

Log Scales 136 

' ' Cumberland River 136 

" Doyle's 140 

" Lumbermau'fi Favorite 138 

' Scribner's 142 

London deal and tbr. measures. 134 

Louisiana Lien Law 169 

Louisville Inspection 83 

Lumberman's Favorite Log Eulel38 

Maine Lien Law 170 

Maine Log Lien 183 

]\Iaine Survey 39 

Materials, estimates of 198 



PAGE. 

Massachusetts Inspection Law. 101 

Massachusetts Lien Law 171 

Measures of solids 196 

Measures of surface 196 

Measures of weight 197 

Mechanics Liens 163-1813 

Arkansas 162 

Connecticut 163 

Illinois 163 

Indiana 164 

Iowa 166 

Kansas 168 

Kentucky 168 

Louisiana 169 

Maine 170 

Massachussetts 171 

Michigan 171 

Minnesota 173 

Mississippi 173 

Missouri 174 

Nebraska 175 

New Hampshire 176 

New York 176 

Ohio 177 

Pennsylvania 178 

Tennessee 179 

Texas 179 

Vermont 180 

West Virginia 181 

Wisconsin 181 

Michigan Inspection 7 

Michigan Lien Law 171 

Michigan Log Lien 183 

Minneapolis Inspection 60 

Minnesota Lien Law 173 

Minnesota Log Lien 184 

Mississippi Lien Law 173 

Missouri Lien Law. 174 

''^Nashville Inspection , 93 

Nashville Log Classification . . . . 137 



IOT)EX. 



PAGE. 

Nebraska Lien Law 175 

Nebraska Sill 147 

New HampsMre Lien Law 176 

New HampsMre Log Lien. 184 

New Orleans Inspection 42 

New York City Inspec, hdwd. .115 

" Yellow pine 124 

New York State Lien Law 176 

North Carolina Pine Inspection. 99 

Ohio Lien Law 177 

Pensacola Classification 89 

Pennsylvania Lien Law 178 

Petersburg Standard 133 

Philadelphia Inspection 71 

Poplar Manufacturers' Inspect'n 51 

Quar1;pr-sawing 189 

Quebec Culling 53 

Quebec Standard Hundred 57 

Ready Reckoner 152 

Rift-sawing (see quarter-sawing) 189 

Saginaw Inspection 11 

Scribner's Log Rule 142 

Seasoning of Timber. 186 

Shingle Manufacture. 143 

Shingle Packing 145 

Shingles, weights of 145 

Shippers 100 

Shrinking of timber. 186 

Solid, or cubic measure 196 

Southwestern Lumber Manu- 
facturers Association Stand- 
ard Gauges 202 

Southwestern Manufacturers 
Association Inspection 200 



PAGE. 

Spars, New Orleans 43 

" Quebec 54 

Square or superficial measure . . 196 

Square timber measures 134 

Standard Hundreds 133 

Staves, New Orleans 50 

" Quebec 57 

Staves, West India 58 

Strength of materials 148 

String measurement 135 

St. John lumber measure 134 

St. Louis Inspection 29 

Tanks, capacity of 195 

Tennessee Lien Law 179 

Tension, resistance to 149 

Texas Lien Law 179 

Timber in English load 196 

Ton, of Timber 134 

Transverse strains, resistance to.l50 

Vermont Lien Law 180 

Vermont Log Lien 184 

Water power 198 

Water wheels 198 

Weight — 

Pine lumber per 1,000 feet. . . 23 

Weight, poplar lumber 53 

Weights of Shingles 143 

' ' yellow pine lumber 201 

West Virginia Lien Law 181 

White pine export inspection . . . 100 

Wisconsin Lien Law 181 

Wisconsin Log Lien 185 

Yellow pine classification 36 

Yellow pine merchantable insp. 114 
" " " : " .114 



-m 



Lumber Inspection. 



One of the most difficult tasks in the domain of lumber literature is the 
putting upon paper of a description of those various divisions or grades 
which are found to prevail in different locahties. Surveying, as it is 
known in Maine and some other localities, Inspection, as it is termed in 
Albany and the West, consists of fixing a value to each individual piece of 
lumber. Inasmuch as no two are exactly ahke, it is impossible to estab- 
hsh an arbitrary rule for the guidance of the Inspector, and as a conse- 
quence, the individual judgment must determine the value of each, from 
a consideration of its general character, and the uses to which it can 
be put in house building or manufacture. 

As the judgment of men varies as much as each piece of lumber 
from its fellow, it becomes very difificult for one to see the value and 
character of a board exactly as it is seen by all others, and hence it is 
weU nigh impossible to prescribe what shall constitute a board of any 
particular grade. If it be perfect in all other respects, it may not be of 
equal value with another equally, but no more, perfect board, in that it is 
of a more glassy, brash and tough texture, less straight and free in grain, 
and wholy unfit for the finer uses to which its fellow may be well suited. 
All these and many other considerations enter into the proper and judici- 
ous assorting and valuing of lumber, and must be determined according 
to the judgment and experience of the Inspector. 

But while no arbitrary rule can be estabUshed, it was determined early 
in the history of the trade, that one could be applied to the general 
characteristics of lumber, which would guide both the buyer and seller in 
determining the value of a given piece. While these general characteristics 
apphed to the distributions between the manufacturer and the consumer 
in the infancy of the trade, while but a comparatively smaU quantity was 
produced and consumption kept pace with production, when the demand 
increased and it was found necessary to build mills in the forest at a 
distance from the consumer, middlemen became necessary, and at various 
points in the country immense depots were estabUshed, to which the mill 
product could be shipped, and whence it could be distributed. But the 
Btill incrsaeing population moving further and further from the points of 



IKTRODUCTORY. 



Bupply, necessitated another set of distributors, and the first began to 
confine their trade to selling, at wholesale, to the latter as retailers. 

Now, the rules that had guided the mill-man in selling to his customers, 
required modification, and to prevent too great an advance in price, the 
retailer was compelled to obtain his compensation through a division into 
grades, and this systena of grading has advanced to its present status, 
which may be almost classed among the fine arts, yet marked by as great 
a variance as there are individual judgments to determine it. 

It is the purpose of this work to endeavor to point out the general laws 
governing the inspection of lumber, without expecting to wholly har- 
monize the ever conflicting opinions of the grand army of knights of the 
board rule. If, however, it succeeds in establishing a more generally 
uniform system of Inspection and yard-grading, the effort may well be 
called successful. 

Albany. N. Y., after Bangor, Me., and Port Deposit, Pa., early became 
the most important center of the lumber trade of the country, and pro- 
mulgated a system of Inspection, or sorting into qualities, which soon 
superceded the early rule of Surveying, which was simply straight meas- 
ure, or the determining of the number of feet, regardless of quality. In 
this connection it may properly be said, that in the early days of lumber 
manufacture, it was the aim and custom of the producer to cut only the 
better class of trees, and it is within the memory of the writer, when the 
grades now known as Selects, Fine Common, or Picks, was the poorest 
which found its way to market as Common, and that which now comprises 
the bulk of the lumber handled, was considered as only fit to be sold at 
the mill, and such of it as by accident found its way to market was sold 
for what it would bring, often not realizing the cost of transportation. 
The growth of the trade, however, soon admonished the manufacturer 
that he must be more conservative with his timber, and the shipments 
and sale of Coarse Common, which included aU between the present 
grade of Selects and CuUs, was undertaken. 

The fast depleting forests and the increased consumption throughout 
the country, especially of the lower grades, soon demonstrated that con- 
sumers were utihzing the cheaper product for cutting-up lumber, and 
that doors, sash and other building material could be made equally well 
from this grade as from the higher priced quaUties. Albany now began 
to select out the nicer Common below the Fine Common grade, and Pick- 
ings became a favorite in that district. 

If the wholesaler could make Pickings out of the Common, the retailer, 
equally fertile in resources, could make other qualities, and so sub- 
divisions, such as A and B Selects, B Box, B Stock, 8-inch Flooring, and 
a hundred other designations came in vogue. These are one and all but 
sub-divisions of the old and well-known Albany grades, Qear, Fourths, 



6 ALBANY D?8PEC110N. 

Box, Common, and Culls, more particularly of the Common. The desig- 
nations given are uniform, but as before remarked, the selection varies 
widely, and an A Select in one yard may be bought as a Third Clear, or A 
Box, or even as a B Box in another. 

The various systems of Inspection, Grading and Measurement are given 
in the following pages in about the order of their adoption in the different 
localities. It is more than probable that if any one standard of yard- 
grading is adopted universally at wholesale centers, it will be something 
very similar to that in vogue in Chicago, as it is believed to come nearest 
to meeting the general want of any method now in use. Markets com- 
peting directly with Chicago have aimed to grade as near like it as possible, 
and if this little work affords any aid in this direction, it will be a source 
of very great satisfaction to the publishers. 



ALBANY INSPECTION. 



This was originally divided into five qualities, viz. : Clear, Fourths, Box 
or Selects, Common and CuUs. Clear, or Three Uppers, was sub-divided 
into three grades : First, Second and Third. 

First Grade.— A. First Clear board shall be perfect in all respects, free 
from wane, knot, rot, shake or check, not less than twelve feet long and 
eight inches wide, (in any case) unless a very wide and thick piece, when 
a minimum length of ten feet may be allowed. 

Second Grade, — Not less than twelve feet in length, unless verj- wide 
and thick, with not more than two defects, i. e., two sound knots which 
could be covered by a York shilling (dime), or sap equal to one inch on 
one side, or one knot and one sap; not less than ten inches wide, well 
manufactured, and free from rot, shake or check. 

Third Grade. — ^Not less than twelve feet long, unless very wide and 
thick, and ten inches wide, free from rot, shake or check, when three 
defects might be allowed; either three knots which a York shilling would 
cover, or two saps an inch wide, with one small knot. If very wide the 
defects might be allowed shghtly to increase, but not so as to injure the 
general character of the piece. These three grades are included in one 
and designated Clear or Good. 

Fourths. —Not less than twelve feet long and twelve inches wide, with 
not exceeding four defects at that width, viz. : if free from sap. four 
sound knots on the heart side, not larger than a dime; if free from knots, 
two saps which must apt exceed two inches on each edge, and must be 



MICHIGAN INSPECTION. 



bright. At the minimum width, one face must be perfect; with increas- 
ing width latitude may be allowed to the extent of the sap. 

Select Boa;.*— Not less than twelve feet in length and eight inches 
in width in any case. Must, if narrow, have one perfect face, and may 
have small knots, not exceeding five, in a width of fourteen inches or 
more. Sap may meet on one end, for not more than one-fifth the length, 
or two saps may be allowed on sap side, but must have at least three 
inches of heart wood between ; sap must be bright; must be free from 
rot, shake and checks. 

Box or Common,— Ml sound lumber free from knots, shaky hearts, 
rot, shake and worm holes which is below the grades before named, 
shall be classed as Box or Common. 

Bickings, — A grade of common which in its general character will 
dress one side clear, or has no great number of small knots, but is suit- 
able for finishing lumber. (A good fine common, but indifferent select). 

C7t*lls.— Will not hold water, shaky, rotten, coarse knots, black and 
mouldy sap. If very rotten, embracing more than one-eighth of the 
board, it becomes a scoot, refuse or mill cull. Market culls must be 
good enough to make hog pens, board fences or roof boards. 

Scoots, Refuse or Mill CuKs.— Lumber that is not worth remov- 
ing from the mill, and is fit only to be burned. 



*In the early days of the trade, the grade Select was known as Box, 
while Sound Common was known as Merchantable. 



MICHIGAN INSPECTION. 



The Saginaw Valley became the most extensive producing section of 
the country from about the year 1850, it being in the hey-day of its pros- 
perity from about 1860 to 1875, during which period its manufacturers 
approximated yearly shipments from six to eight hundred million feet, 
and sales were ostensibly governed by Albany Inspection. The grade 
was of superior quality, and the question of Inspection became an im- 
portant one. In order to secure as nearly as possible a uniformity in this 
regard, the manufacturers in 1873 obtained the passage of an Act of the 
Legislature, establishing in each organized County or other sub-divi- 
sion of territory, Inspection Districts, each having an officer known as 
Inspector General, with Deputies and Sub-Inspectors to be appointed 
by him. The details of their law, which was subsequently repealed need 
not be given here, but the inspection presented by it, being somewhat, 



MICHIGAN INSPECTION. 



in its governing principles, in force by reason of prevallii^g custora, will be 
of interest to lumbermen everywhere. 

It will be observed that in the upper grades, especially First Clear, it 
Is more liberal than Albany, wherefore it may be argued, that inasmuch 
as a large proportion of the better grades from Eastern Michigan find 
their way to Albany, and are subject to inspection there, the present cus- 
tom at Albany conforms very aearly to the rules established in Michigan. 

Allowance must be made for the fact that established usage in Saginaw 
does not fully conform to the law as written. In fact, under the operation 
of the law, it is presumable, upon good grounds, that it was never strictly 
adhered to. It is a noticeable fact in all markets, that Inspection varies 
largely with an advancing or declining market ; it becomes more or less 
liberal in proportion to the demand and readiness of sale. This is one of 
the main difficulties in the way of prescribing Inspection rules which 
shall always govern in all localities. At the same time, it is manifestly 
unjust that a piece of lumber which will pass in a given grade under an 
advancing market, should rank in a lower grade in a duller market. Many 
Michigan Inspectors never took kindly to the law as it was written, and 
varied their Inspection to conform to their personal opinions and judg- 
ments, and since its repeal have continued to do so. The tendency of the 
law was to the side of leniency, favoring the seller rather than the buyer, 
and its repeal was presumably In accordance with public sentiment, as 
expressed by the trade at large. It is, however, the only written exposi- 
tion ever given for the guidance of the trade, and as such it is appended. 

Synopsis of the Michigan Inspection Latv of 18 73. 

See. 3.—* * * * It shall be the duty of each Inspector General, 
Deputy and Sub-Inspector, in determining the quality and quantity of 
lumber inspected by him, to place the same in that class or quality as 
hereinafter defined, to which it approaches the nearest in description and 
value, at all times using the description of qualities contained in this act 
as the standard of comparison. 

Sec, 9.— All merchantable White Pine lumber shall be classified as fol- 
lows, for purposes of inspection: First Clear, Second Clear, Third Clear, 
Common and Shipping Culls ; and boards six inches wide shall be known 
as Stripe. Norway Pine shall be classified as Common and Shipping 
Culls, except as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. iO.— First Clear lumber shall be not less than eight inches wide, 
twelve feet long and one inch thick, and at such width, and up to ten 
inches wide, shall be free from all imperfections. If the width is twelve 
inches, defects shall be allowed that will equal knots in the aggregate of 
one inch in diameter, or sap that will be equal to one and one-half inches 
on one surface. If the width is sixteen inches, defects shall be allowed 



MICHI&AN INSPECTION. 



that will equal knots in the aggregate of t\YO inches in diameter, or sap 
that will equal two inches on one surface. If the width is twentyinches, 
defects shall be allowed that will be equal to knots in the aggregate of two 
and a half inches in diameter, or sap that will be equal to three inches in 
width on one surface. The Inspector shall take particular notice and shall 
allow a due proportion of defects for all pieces of widths between or above 
the given standards ; also shall allow additional defects as the lengths in- 
crease above twelve feet, in proportion to such increased dimensions. He 
shall also allow as follows in each of the three grades of clear lumber, 
viz. : For each additional half inch in thickness, additional defects in pro- 
portion that shall equal knots in the aggregate of one-quarter inch more 
in diameter, or sap that will be equal to one-quarter of an inch more in 
width. All pieces shall be well manufactured and of full thickness (all 
knots to be sound), and all sap to be free from black stain that is of such 
character that it cannot be removed by dressing, and no piece shall be 
allowed with more than one straight split, and that to be not over one- 
fifth the length of the piece, which shall be counted as one defect. 

Second Clear,— Shall be not less than eight inches wide, twelve feet 
lo:}gandone inch thick, and at such width, and up to ten inches wide, 
defecis shall be allowed that will be equal to knots in the aggregate, of 
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, or sap that will be equal to three- 
quarters of an inch in width on one surface. If the width is twelve 
inches, defects shall be allowed that will be equal to knots in the aggre- 
gate of one and a half inches in diameter, or sap that will be equal to 
three inches in width on the edges. If the width is sixteen inches, de- 
fects shall be allowed that will equal knots in the aggregate of two and a 
half inches in diameter, or sap that will be equal to four inches in width 
on the edges. If the width is twenty inches, defects shall be allowed that 
will be equal to knots in the aggregate of three inches in diameter, or sap 
that will be equal to five inches in width on the edges. A straight split 
shall be allowed in this quality as before provided in boards of the width 
of twelve inches or over, and be counted as one defect. 

Third C^ecir.— Shall be not less than seven inches wide, twelve feet 
long, and one inch thick, and at such width, and up to ten inches, defects 
shall be allowed that will be equal in injury to a knot one and one-half 
inches in diameter, or sap that will be equal to one and one-half inches 
in width on the best side. If the width is twelve inches, defects shall be 
allowed that will be 'equal in injury to a knot of two and one-half inches 
In diameter, or sap that will be equal to two and one-half inches wide on 
the best side. If the width is sixteen inches, defects shall be allowed 
that will be equal in injury to a knot of four inches, or sap that shall be 
equal to four inches wide on the best side. If the width is twenty inches, 
defects may be allowed that will be equal in injury to a knot five inches 



10 MICHIGAN INSPECTION. 

in diameter, or sap equal to six inches on the best side, but Bap in no 
case to exceed one-half the surface on the poorest side. In this quality 
shall be included pieces ten feet long and not baving more than their due 
proportion of defects ; also all pieces six inches wide and more than one 
inch thick, with not more than two small, sound knots, or sap not more 
than one inch in width on one side. 

First Clear Strips,— ^h.aM be six inches wide, one inch thick, and 
not less than twelve feet in length, and free from all imperfections. 

Second Clear jS<rfp».— Shall be the length, width and thickness of 
First Clear, and may have two small, sound knots, or if no knots then 
sap equal to one inch in width on one edge of one side. 

Third Clear /Sirips.— Shall be of the width and thickness of First 
Clear Strips, and may have three small, sound knots, with sap one Inch 
on one side ; but if no more than three small, sound knots, then sap equal 
to two inches on one side may be allowed; to be free from rot, shake or 
split. First and Second Norway Strips of full width and thickness, and 
First and Second Clear White Pine Strips, ten feet in length, also First 
and Second Clear Strips rejected on account of thickness, and not less 
than five inches wide, shall be classed in this quality. 

Common Lumber. — Shall include all Boards, Planks, Scantling, 
Strips, Joist, Timber, and lumber not otherwise defined, which is not as 
good as Third Clear, but is generally of a sound character, well manufact- 
ured, of full thickness, and free from large, loose knots and bad shakes, 
that show on both sides of the piece. Scantling, Joist and Timber must 
be free from imperfections which so weaken the piece that it cannot be 
used for substantial building purposes. Scantling, Joist and Timber made 
from worm eaten logs, and pieces with a small streak of rot, when not so 
badly damaged as to render the same unfit for ordinary uses of common 
lumber, shall belong to this quality. One straight split shall be allowed, 
provided it does not exceed one-quarter the length of the piece. Pieces 
that have not more than two augur holes, which are placed near the end 
of the piece, shall be allowed in this quality, provided they are measured 
in lengths of even number of feet between said augur holes, and conform 
in all other respects to the requirements of this quality. No lumber under 
ten feet in length shall be considered as merchantable. 

Shipping C7«Ks.— Shall constitute the lowest grade of merchantable 
lumber, and shall include all lumber not as good as common, which can 
be used for ordinary purposes without waste of more than one-half. 

Mill Culls.— Shall include all lumber not as good as Shipping Culls. 
A board or plank over twelve inches in width, of which one end shall be 
wider than the other, shall be measured at a point one-third its length 
from the narrow end, to determine its width, and all such boards or plank 
lese than twelve inches in width shall be measured at the narrow end. 



SAGE^AW E^SPECTtON. 11 

All lumber over ten feet, up to and including twenty feet, shall be meas- 
ured in lengtlis of even number of feet, and all over twenty feet long, each 
additional foot shall be counted, unless otherwise agreed between buyer 
and seller. No fractional part of a square foot shall be counted except in 
the measurement of joist, scantling or timber. 

Sec. 11. — Merchantable lumber may be measured and inspected In 
either of the three following classes, viz : The first class shall be an in- 
spection of the lumber in the five qualities aforesaid. 

The second class shall be an inspection of the lumber in three classes, 
of which the first, second and third class shall form one, which shall be 
denominated Uppers, and the other two shall be Common and Shipping 
CuUs as aforesaid. 

The third class of inspection shall be in one quality which shall include 
the five qualities first mentioned, and shall be denominated Straight 
Measure. 



SAGINAW INSPECTION. 



While the preceding chapter reproduces the enacted law which for three 
or four years prescribed what should be the rule of inspection in the 
state of Michigan, it is an undeniable fact that Saginaw was a law unto 
itself, and while ostensibly working under the provisions of the written 
law, the inspection of that section was in reality unchanged from 'preced- 
ing systems, to which customs the inspectors mainly adhere to-day. 

The same designations of Good, or Uppers, Selects, Common and Culls 
are retained, or lumber is sold log run (mill culls out) as prescribed in 
the last section of the defunct law. The main difference between the old 
Michigan law and Saginaw Inspection proper, is in the former being more 
in favor of the seller, while the latter is in favor of the purchaser of lum- 
ber, and the difference is confined to the higher grades. 

The difference may be noted as follows: In the three uppers the Albany 
rule is more nearly adhered to. 

First Clear. — Is not less than eight inches in width, and is free from 
imperfections, the term Clear implying freedom from defects. 

Second Clear.— "Not less than eight inches in width, at which it must 
be so nearly perfect as to fall but a trifle short of First Clear. As the 
width increases, a larger range of defects may be allowed, so that at twelve 
inches wide, a piece may have two knots of one inch diameter, or two 
narrow saps on one side; at sixteen inches wide, especially if the piece ia 
more than one inch thick, two knots may be allowed, or one knot and 
one sap not over one and one-half inches in width. At twenty inches in 



12 SAGliJA'W INStECttOJJ. 

"widtli tlie two knots may be larger, or tlie saps may widen to one and 
one-lialf inches. 

Tliird Clear. — Is supposed to admit of tkree defects, but up to ten 
inches, knots should not exceed three-quarters of an inch in diameter, 
or sap not exceed three-quarters of an inch on one side. With increas- 
ing width knots may increase to three in number, not exceeding in size 
one inch each, or sap equal to one and a half inches in width on two 
edges of one side ; with narrower saps a small knot showing on the face 
side might be allowed ; but as a rule the three upper grades demand one 
perfect face. As in all other markets, the inspector is supposed to exer- 
cise a wide range of judgment in the inspection of the three uppers. A 
plank two inches thick and thirty inches wide Avill admit of a more lenient 
judgment, as regards defects in size and number, than a piece of half 
that size or of one inch thick. 

A piece of soft cork pine, of free grain and generally handsome ap- 
pearance, must not be judged with equal harshness with a piece of glassy 
texture, tough grain and unfavorable appearance. 

An experienced inspector will in all cases judge of a piece of lumber 
from the standpoint of the location of its defects, and the general utility 
of the piece. While not more than three defects should as a rule be in- 
cluded in the three upper grades, no one would deny that a wide plank 
with even five knots located near one side, or even some of these show- 
ing through to the face, but where perhaps four-fifths of the plank i8 
" clear as a hound's tooth," is deserving of classification in this grade. In 
reality, the inspection of lumber in uppers consists in defining what con- 
stitutes Third Clear, as, in practice, First and Second Clear is ignored, 
and the number and character of the defects which may be passed in 
Third Clear, determines the character of the Three Uppers. But in Sagi- 
naw and some other markets the term " Good " is used in designating 
the upper grades, and purchases are sometimes made in "Good," 
" Selects," " Fine Common," Common and CuUs ; yet, unless these terms 
are specified, the quality " Good " in common use wiU include not only 
the Three Uppers, but as well the next grade below, or Selects. 

Selects. — This term allows of four defects in a piece of lumber. Four 
knots the size of from a dime to a quarter of a doUar, according to the 
size of the piece, or two saps on one side which, twelve inches wide, 
should not exceed three inches in the aggregate, or embrace more than 
one-quarter the sap side, the heart side being the face. With increasing 
width the proportion of sap may increase, or with narrow saps, the face 
side may have some knots. The general description of this grade, however, 
is of a class of lumber which has defects, of such a character, as, while' 
condemning it for the Three Uppers, yet mark it as suited for many or 
most uses to which the Three Uppers may be put ; the fact that it is usually 



SAaiNAW INSPECTION. l8 

<•■■' ■■■^■■■». I - <-ii I ■ ■ ' ■' " — '■""■ " ' ' ■ ■ 

combined under the term Good, "with the Three Uppers, showing It to 
be more nearly allied to them than to the lower grades. The dividing 
grades between the Three Uppers and Common was originally known as 
Fourths and the designations were Good, Fourths, Common and Culls. 
When, however, it became incorporated with the Three Uppers, and was 
included in that designation (as it has practically become) the grade 
Selects which had hitherto classed with the Common, was admitted to 
the code, and consisted of what had hitherto been looked upon as raising 
the Common to a higher standard of excellence. A board twelve inches 
wide with a perfect heart side, and the bright sap covering half or more 
of the sap side, would be a Select. 

Fine Common. — Also sometimes known as Select Common, or Select 
Box, or where the designation is thoroughly known. Box, is a grade of 
lumber suitable for finishing purposes, yet having too much sap on one 
side, or too many knots on the other, to admit its entry to the grade of 
Selects. Fine Common is usually taken from the lumber cut next to the 
outside of the log, sometimes known as sap boards, the general character 
of which is to give one face side, while the other is largely covered with 
sap, which, if properly piled so as to dry without mould, is adapted to a 
large proportion of the finer work where one side only is exposed to view. 
With this point in mind the inspector will allow knots in this grade pro- 
portioned to the size of the piece. If the sap Is narrow the face may have 
one or two smalllinots, but, except in wide lumber, the rule is observed 
"one side a face." Pieces below eight inches in width are seldom accepted 
in this grade, and at that width the defect is in sap, which may embrace 
not more than one-third the sap side and must not run on to the face 
side; or a board of that width may have a good sap side, nearly if not 
wholly clear of knots, and with or two small knots on the heart side. In 
larger pieces a board or plank having too many defects for the grade of 
Selects, and yet approaching almost to the requirements of that grade, is 
included in the Fine Common. A board sixteen inches wide, one inch thick, 
with five knots the size of one inch, and no other defect, would be classed 
with Fine Common. The same piece at one and one-half or two inches 
thick would probably by most inspectors be classed as Selects. Shaky 
lumber is not admitted in this or the upper grades. Fine Common is 
substantially the same as Chicago B Selects. 

Strips, First Clear.— Axe six inches wide, and one inch thick, and 
free from all imperfections, and are known as clapboard or siding strips. 
The term siding strips should not be confounded with "Sidings" lumber 
cut from the side of a log, in distinction from the stock, or lumber cut 
from the square log. 

Strips, Second CZear.— Approaches A Flooring, Chicago yard grad- 
ing. Six inches vide, on© inch thick, aud may hav© two small, sound 



14 SAGINAW INSPECTION. 

knots, or if no knots, then sap equal to one Inch in width on one edge of 

One side. 

Strips, Third Ciea**.— Nearest to B Flooring, Chicago yard grading. 
Six inches wide, one inch thick, and may have three small, sound knots, 
and upon one side in addition, sap equal to two inches in width. All strips 
in these three grades must be free from rot, spht or shake. 

Norway Strips. — Answering to the description of First and Second 
Clear, and ten feet or more in length, are included in this grade when 
sold as Norway. 

Strips, Flooring and ^ewctngr.— Include all strips not as good as 
Third Clear, yet free from rot and split. Flooring strips must be of full 
thickness and width, except where a narrower width is desired, when they 
may be of the uniform width of three, four or five inches. All knots in 
Flooring strips must be of a sound character. Fencing strips include all 
coarse grade strips not good enough for Flooring, and above the grade of 
Culls, or strips not up to the standard thickness, and their inspection is 
less rigid than the other grades. 

Common. — The term common includes aU boards, plank, scantling, 
strips, joist, timber and lumber not otherwise defined, which does not 
come up to the standard of Select Box, but is of a generally sound char- 
acter, well manufactured, of full thickness, and free from large, loose 
knots, and bad shakes. Scantling, joist and timber must be free from 
knots or imperfections which involve or weaken the piece for substantial 
building purposes. Worm holes and small rot streaks, in extent not 
materially to damage the piece for the uses in which its size is usually 
employed, belong to this quality. One straight split, not more than one 
quarter the length of the board, may be allowed. Auger holes (almost 
unknown in Saginaw) are to be excluded, by measuring in even feet be- 
tween the holes. No luinber under ten feet in length is considered as 
merchantable in this or the better grades. 

Shipping Culls. — Unsound knots, or knots which affect the strength 
of the piece, black or mouldy sap, unsound hearts, bad splits, badly sawed 
lumber in wedges or tarves (uneven edges), where the piece is yet avail- 
able for coarse use, and all lumber not up to the grade of common, is 
included in this grade. Anything poorer than slxipping culls is not recog- 
nized in any market. 

Saginaw lumber is always manufactured in twelve, fourteen and sixteen 
feet lengths (with an exceptional log of other lengths) in all grades, except 
dimension stuff, where lengths are cut to suit the sizes demanded, but 
the sidings from such logs are usually cut off to the twelve, fourteen and 
sixteen foot standard. 

The thicknesses of the Saginaw lumber, as usually cut, are one inch, one 
and a quartar, on^ and a half and two inches, but with some three incb 



CHICAGO CABGO INSPECTION. 15 



In coarse plank for road or paving purposes, or In extra nice stock, for 
thick uppers or deals. All lumber is manufactured in parallel widths, and 
many mills employ cut-ofl tables for reducing all lengths to uniformity. 

The coarser grades are almost uniformly cut one inch thick, the better 
grades almost invariably in the one and one-half and two inch thicknesses. 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION, 

Adoptsd by the Lumberman's Exchange. 



This may be termed a modification of the combined Albany and Saginaw 
Inspections. It is observed in the sale of cargoes on the Chicago whole- 
sale market, 

5ec«*o»i i.— First Clear or White Pine Lumber shall be not less than 
twelve inches in width, and no imperfections allowed unless fourteen 
Inches wide or upwards; will then allow imperfections equal to sap, one 
inch on one side, extending the whole length of the piece, on pieces four- 
teen inches wide and well manufactured, but the face side must be per- 
fect ; as width increases, will allow larger imperfections in proportion to 
the width, but not imperfections enough to decrease the value below the 
above described piece. 

Sec. 2. —Second Clear White Pine Lumber shall be not less than ten 
inches wide and perfect up to eleven inches in width ; will then a low 
imperfections equal to sap one inch on one side of the whole length of 
the piece, if well manufactured; as width increases, will al'ow other and 
larger imperfections in proportion to the width, but not imperfections 
enough to decrease the value below the above described piece. 

See. S.— Third Clear White Pine Lumber shall be not less than nine 
inches in width, and perfect up to ten inches ; will then allow imperfec- 
tions equal to sap, one inch on one side of the whole length of the piece, 
if well manufactured. The imperfections of this quality shall not exceed 
100 per cent over those allowed in Second Clear. 

Sec, ^.— S> lect White Pine Lumber shall include all lumber poorer in 
quality than Third Clear, the imperfections of which shall not exceed 100 
per cent over those allowed in Third Clear. 

Sec. ^.— Clear White Pine Flooring shall be one inch thick, six inches 
wide, and no imperfections. 

See. e,— Second Clear White Pine Flooring shall be in thickness and 
width same as Clear Flooring, and will allow of one small knot or sap 
three-quarters of an inch on oae side, with dear face. 

See, 7.— Coiaman Whit© Piae Flooring sball b« of the widtli and thick- 



16 CHICAGO CARGO IKSPECTION. 

ness of First or Second Clear Flooring, and may have tliree small, sound 
knots, with, sap one inch on one side, but if less than three knots, then 
sap equal to two laches on one side, and shall be free from rot, splits and 
shakes. Four inch flooring strips, equal in quality to First and Second 
Clear Flooring, shall he classed as Common six inch Flooring. 

See. *.— Common Pine Lumber includes all boards, plank, joists, 
scantling, timber, fencing, and four inch strips that are of generally 
sound character, well manufactured, and not included in the foregoing 
qualities. Boards and plank should be square-edged, full thickness, and 
have no large, loose knots or bad shakes. In wide boards, twelve inches 
and over, will allow a straight split one-sixth the length of the piece, when 
otherwise sound. Fencing should be of good, sound character — pieces 
that will not break easily, six inches wide and one inch thick. Scantling, 
joist and timber should not have imperfections that would weaken the 
piece so that it cannot be used for substantial building purposes, and be 
uniform in width and thickness. Lumber should be measured at the 
small end, and if much wane on the piece, reasonable allowance made for 
it. Norway Pine Lumber shall be classed as common lumber, unless 
otherwise agreed upon. Cargoes of piece stuff or timber containing over 
twenty-five per cent Norway, shall not be considered standard, and all 
edge boards and inch lumber in cargoes of piece stuff shall be subject to 
special agreement. 

Sec. 9»— All badly stained white pine lumber, that is otherwise better 
than Common, shall be inspected into a lower grade than when bright 
and free from stain. 

Sec. 1 0.— All lumber described in the foregoing rules of Inspection 
shall be not less than one inch in thickness, and not less than twelve feet 
long. 

Sec. 11* — Culls. A' quality that cannot be received into any of the 
foregoing, consisting of even lengths, of ten feet and upwards, and so im- 
perfect as to be unfit for ordinary uses without waste. 

Mill C7t*??».— Refuse lumber. 

Sec. 12»—A.\l cargoes sold under straight measure shall consist of lum- 
ber twelve feet and over; and where, by imperfection of manufacture, 
such lumber is reduced in grade so as not to answer the purpose for 
which it was intended, it shall be measured at only one-half the amount 
in the piece for which it was intended. And -all pieces containing auger 
holes, if fourteen feet in length and over, and bored only at the ends, shall 
be measured in full, excluding two feet in length of the piece ; if bored in 
the center, it shall be measured for only one-half the amount in the piece. 
All lumber less than twelve feet to be subject for special contract between 
the parties. Mill Culls excluded in all cases. All boards and strips to 
be at least one inch thick; joists or scantling two or three inches thicls., 



CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. 17 

Sec. 15.— iat/i— Number One— should be four feet (no more, or 
less), in length; not less than three-eighths of an inch thick, and one 
and one-half inches wide, free from shakes, rot, wane, or worm-holes. 

Number Two— same length as No. 1, may be less than three-eighths 
of an inch thick, and must be not less than one and one-quarter inches 
Vfide, will admit of wane and worm -holes not to exceed ten pieces in a 
bundle of one hundred. 

Ctills,— All that will not pass in the above named qualities. 

Shingles,— All pine and cedar shingles shall be not less than six- 
teen inches in length, and three-eighths inch thick at the butt, and 
shall be classed and known as follows : 

The first grade is to be denominated Clear, and to consist of shingles 
not less than three inches in width, all to be absolutely perfect. 

The second grade is to be denominated Extra A, and this shall con- 
sist of shingles not less than three inches wide, and with the butts 
clear for ten inches of the length. 

The third grade to be denominated Standard A, and to be not less 
than eight inches clear from the butt, and not less than three inches 
wide. 

The fourth grade to be denominated Shaded A, the shingles to be 
clear for a distance of not less than five inches from the butt. 

The fifth grade to be denominated No. 1, and to include everything 
poorer than Shaded A, but to be made of sound timber, with no un- 
sound knots in the tutt. 

Culls,— Are a quality manufactured from winding, worm-eaten, 
shaky or dry rot timber, badly manufactured or less than sixteen 
inches in length. 

It is recommended that one-quarter thousand bunches be packed in 
bands twenty inches in length, with twenty-five courses; one-half 
thousand bunches in twenty-five inch bands with forty courses. 
Shingles shall always be full count, and pay shall be collected only for 
the number of shingles actually delivered, regardless of the pre- 
tended number contained in each package or bundle ; or, in other 
words, there shall be exacted in every instance for one thousand 
shingles, the equivalent of one thousand pieces four inches wide. 

These rules, for the grading of shingles, were adopted by the Lum- 
berman's Exchange, April 12, 1880. 



18 CHICAGO YAKD GBADING. 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING. 



The system of grades prevailing among the yards of Chieago, is a 
most difficult thing to describe, yet a general similarity of ideas is sup- 
posed to prevail among all dealers. We therefore endeavor to give 
the general laws governing their grading. 

First Clear.— Shall be not less than twelve inches in width and 
twelve feet long (except that in some yards ten foot pieces are admitted 
in the upper grades, the majority adhering to the twelve foot standard), 
and with no imperfections unless the piece is fourteen inches or over 
in width ; will then allow imperfections equal to sap one inch on one 
side, extending the whole length of the piece, but the face must be 
perfect. As the width increases, will allow larger imperfections in 
proportion to the width. 

Second Clear.ShaXl be not less than ten inches wide, and must be 
perfect up to eleven inches. Above eleven inches, imperfections may 
be allowed equal to sap one inch on one side of the whole length of the 
piece, if well manufactured. "With increasing width will allow other 
and larger imperfections in proportion to the width, but not imper- 
fections enough to decrease its value beyond the standard of a twelve 
inch piece of above description. 

Third CJear.— Shall be not less than twelve inches in width (ex- 
cept as below), and perfect up to ten inches ; will then allow imper- 
fections equal to sap one inch on one side of the whole length of the 
piece, if well manufactured. This grade, however, is subject to modi- 
fication in that while it is mainly the equivalent of Albany Thirds and 
Selects, it may generally be found to combine the grades of A Box, A 
Stock and eight-inch A, varying from standard inspection by allowing 
a minimum width of nine inches and a length of twelve feet. In yard 
grading, knots as big as a half dollar may be allowed in a fair sized 
piece, as to general location and effect upon the use of the board. 
Smaller knots, as high as five in number, or bright sap on each edge 
of one side, two inches in width. In narrow boards, one face must be 
nearly perfect except eight inch A, where the general rule applies, 
modified by the width. A Stocks usually refers to twelve inch, but 
may apply to ten inch Stocks when so specified. 

J5 Box and A /Stocfcs.— Usually range in price with Third Clear. 
Eight inch A, although of the same general quality, ranges from $3 to 
$5 lower in price. Ten inch Stocks in all grades usually range $2 be- 
low twelve inch. 

A. Stleet, B Stock, Eight Inch A and .B.— These are all of about 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING. 19 



one grade, and are taken from Third Clear and Selects, wMcli may be 
called "line boards, between the two grades. 

A Select,— l^ properly a grade below, although some claim to make 
it equal to Third Clear. In this grade, some yards will allow shake, 
where the use and general value of the piece is not seriously impaired 
thereby. As a rule, however, no shake is admitted. Knots may be al- 
lowed according to size of board and location of knots, but seldom both 
knots and shake. Widths may run from eight inch upward. Sap may 
be allowed equal to two inches on one side of a nine inch piece, increas- 
ing with the width. The term " Box " is applied to all grades, where the 
width makes the lumber suitable for cornice and shelving, or wagon-box 
boards, from which latter the Chicago use of the term is derived. 
Sample boards may be described as follows : A board twelve feet long, 
twelve inches wide, had one knot the size of a dime, one cat-face knot, 
two saps on one side, of which one is narrow, running the whole length, 
the other three inches at one end, tapering out at four feet. Some call 
this a fair, others a good, A Select. 

M Box.— la thirteen inches wide and over. A board seventeen inches 
wide, sixteen feet long, with twelve medium knots ; another sixteen inches 
wide, two saps of two inches each on one side, and ten small knots on the 
other, were seen in a pile of B Box, but were criticised by other graders. 

B Stock, — Is usually twelve inch, but may include ten inch stocks. 
Eight inch B is of parallel width (seven and one-half to nine) up to grade, 
in proportion to width. 

B Select. — ^In general character is a sap board; if narrow, one side may 
be well covered with sap, no knots on the face. Such a board may be from 
seven to ten inches. At ten to fourteen inches, some knots and less sap. 
This class makes good "one side" lumber for finishing boards, and in gen- 
eral, knots may be allowed of a character not to injure the board for fin- 
ishing purposes or for cutting up. A sample board seven inches wide 
had bright nearly covering one side, the other a face . Another of thir- 
teen inches had but four inches of meat on the sap side, the sap came 
through to the face, and there were two small knots on the face. Another 
of nine inches had sap covering one end for five feet, sap ran slightly on 
to the face of the board. B Selects on wider pieces may combine some 
considerable shake at the ends, if the center is good, or on center if the 
ends are good. 

The sap in this grade should be judged in the matter of color by its 
surroundings. While a black sap is scarcely allowable, a simple discol- 
oration will not condemn the piece if all other requisites are present. A 
piece of fair width with one clean face to work would admit of a blacker 
sap on the outside of cut. In this grade also maybe admitted a class of soft 
wide lumber, with large or even loose knots, where the cuts between the 



§0 CHICAGO YARD GRADING. 

knots may give a large proportion of finishing lumber. Such lumber is 
often found where the rules of regular and strict inspection would con- 
demn a piece to the grade of cull, yet where the piece is of especial value 
for cutting up. This grade is substantially the same as the Fine Common 
of the Saginaw Yalley. 

Common.— All good sound lumber, ten feet long and upwards, how- 
ever knotty, if the knots are tight and sound and not coarse enough to 
weaken the board, are included in this grade. Also sap boards, when the 
sap is fairly bright. Boards free from rot and shake, which involve their 
usefulness, are common boards. Lumber which will make a water-tight 
roof is in all markets included in this erade. Splits or Checks, if straight 
and not of an extent or nature to materially injure the board, are gener- 
ally allowable. Bad splits and checks, especially when not straight, will 
always condemn a board of any grade to a lower one, according to the 
effect upon its usefulness. The same is true of waney edges. The lum- 
ber must be of full standard thickness and well manufactured. Worm- 
holes may be permitted in this grade in number and character propor- 
tioned to the size of the piece, but as a rule, wormy lumber should be 
excluded as Culls. Custom has allowed common plank, measuring one 
and seven-eighths inch thick, to be measured as if full two inch. A few 
worm-holes are not objectionable in dimension stuff, unless enough in 
number to weaken the piece, or of a generally unsightly character. 

C Box. — Is a grade of thirteen inches wide and over, with small 
sound knots. 

D Box,— la simply good, wide Common. 

Neither of these last two pretend to any grading above Common, ex- 
cept that their viddths adapt them to special uses. 

Stock Boards.— A class of lumber sawed of a uniform width of ten, 
twelve and fourteen inches. It is graded the same as other lumber, but 
its uniformity marks it as of superior utility for ripping into flooring, 
siding etc., or for manufacturers requiring large quantities of certain 
widths for special work. The lower grades are mainly used as barn 
boards or for coarse sheathing, and other similar purposes. 

Other Varieties. — Norway mixed with other lumber uniformly classes 
as common; but when in lots by itself, may be graded in a manner sim- 
ilar to white pine, the designation " Norway " indicating its distinctness 
from white pine. 

Flooring, siding and ceiling are graded according to the general rules 
applying to wider lumber, modified to suit the decreased width, but are 
measured as the piece was in the rough. 

First and Second Clear Strips and Siding.— l!io. 1 is perfect in 
thickness, width and quality. No. 3 will allow of a narrow, bright sap on 
one side, or one or two small sound knots. The two are asually combined. 



CHICAGO YAED GRADlNa. 91 

A, or First Com/mon.—lt free from sap may have two or three small 
sound knots, or bright sap one-half or three- quarters inch. 

B, or Seeond Common. — May have three or four medium size sound 
kuots, or bright sap of one to one and a quarter inch. 

C, or Third Com^non. — May have two to six medium knots, or two 
to three inches of sap, or both sap and knots to equal these, 

Floonng, A or First. — Should have one face nearly clear, with but 
one or two small, sound knots; the other may have more knots or sap. 

B, or Second. — May have two to four sound, medium knots, and bright 
sap equal to one or one and a quarter inches. 

G, or Third, — ^WiU allow of three to six smaU, sound knots, or one 
and a half to two inches bright sap. 

Fencing Flooring. — ^Is good, common flooring from selected fencing, 
and may have a large number of small, sound knots, but the general 
character of the piece is such aa to make a good floor, practically free 
from shake and loose knots. 

Fencing, No. 1 or Coinmon.Soun6. knots, not to weaken the 
piece; may have considerable sap. No. 2: black sap, coarse knots, shaky 
or otherwise defective, yet not so as to prevent its use as coarse fencing. 
Four inch lumber of any grade should have one-third less imperfections 
than is allowed, on six-inch widths. Norway of the same general quahty 
is scrutinized much more closely than white pine. 

Deck PlanU. — Is lumber suitable for decking for vessels, and is usu- 
ally three, four, five and six inches wide, and three to four inches thick, 
and the greater the length the more valuable is it considered. No lot 
averaging under twenty-five to thirty feet in length is properly classed 
as decking. This should be almost wholly free from sap, must be free 
from shake, but may have any reasonable number of small, sound, red 
knots. It is sometimes used two and a half inches in thickness. 

Culls. — Unsound lumber, loose knots, bad, black knots, or large, coarse 
knots, loose or shaky hearts, unedged or waney and badly shaky lumber, 
black sap stain, especially if mouldy. All wormy lumber, rotten streaks, 
or ends badly manufactured as to thickness, wedge boards or tarved lum- 
ber (thick on one edge and thin on the other), or boards which won't hold 
water. All the above properly belong in Culls, and when unfit to be used 
as roofing to nail shingles on, or is generally unsightly in appearance, ii 
IS known as " Scoots," Refuse, or Mill-Culls, and has no quotable value. 

Lengths.— In some yards ten feet is the standard of length, and all 
lumber is measured in even figures of ten. twelve, fourteen, sixteeij and 
eighteen feet; odd lengths are unknown unless in special orders and in 
lumber of over 'twenty feet. Until within the last two years twelve feet 
was the minimum of length m a merchantable piece of himber, and most 
yards yet adhere to this rule. All lumber of less than ten feet is uasai- 



CHICAGO YARD GRADING. 



able, except when in quantities, as it is often found in irregular lengths 
at gang saw-mills, when it is known as " clips." This is sometimes sorted 
as to quality, but has no classification; it is usually sold as a bulk, either 
by the pile or by straight measure, and is often of a desirable character 
for builders. 

Widths and TJiicJiness. — The wider a board is the more latitude is 
allowed for defects. This remark applies generally to lengths, widths 
and thickness, although as a rule, unless a board holds plump to an in- 
tended thickness, it is measured to the next standard below. In dimen- 
sion, or bill stuff such as joist, scanthng or timber, a variance in thick- 
ness is almost universally allowed by dealers and consumers, although 
strict rules of inspection demand full sizes in all respects. 

In wholesale markets a board measuiing a half inch or more over a 
certain width is measured at the next lower number. In retailing, how- 
ever, the half inch is properly counted, while in some markets the " give 
and take" principle is observed; that is, if a full half inch or over, it is 
called at the next higher figure; if not full half inch it is called back to 
the last full figure. 



The following table shows the average weights obtained in the actual 
shipment from Chicago of 20,000,000 feet of pine lumber, during an entire 
season : 

POUNDS. 

1, 13^ and IJ^-inch, surfaced one side 2,102 

The same, surfaced two sides 2,068 

2-inch, surfaced one side 2.200 

White pine flooring, dressed and matched 1,890 

Hard pine flooring 2,366 

Ship lap, 8-inch 1,711 

Ship lap, 10 inch 1 ,725 

Ship lap, 12-inch: 1,855 

White pine, %-inch ceihng 786 

Hard pine %-inch ceihng 950 

Siding 865 

Piece stuff, rough 2,560 

Piece stuff, surfaced one side and one edge 2,210 

Thin clear, surfaced one side 1,380 

% ceiling 1,120 

Rough boards 2,524 

Hard pine fencing 2.910 

4-inch flooring, dressed and matched 1.793 

6-inch fencing 2,4S3 

Pine shin2;le5 248 

Cedar shingles 203 

Di7 lath 502 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

Revised Rules, Adopted by the Lumberman's Exchange, Jan. 22, 1889' 
INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPBOTORS. 

Inspectors of lumber are not manufacturers and must measure 
and inspect lumber as tliey find it, of full length and width (except 
as to wane, wMcli must be measured out or inspected in a lower 
grade), making no allowance for the purpose of raising grade unless 
so instructed by the buyer and seller. 

In hardwood inspection the inspector is instructed to use his best 
judgment, based upon the rules for his guidance. 

The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1J4 inches in diameter, and 
must be of a sound character. 

Splits are always more or less damage to a piece of lumber. An 
allowance must be made, either in determining the quality or quan- 
tity, according to the nature of the split. A split extending to ex- 
ceed one foot will reduce it to one grade lower. % 

All lumber should be sawed plump thickness. Thin lumber is not 
considered marketable, and must be reduced to the next standard 
thickness, or at least one grade lower on account of thinness. 

A Cull which will not work one-half of its size without waste, is 
a mill-cull of no recognized value. 

When lumber or timber does not come up to grade or contract, it 
must be placed in the next lower grade named. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as axles, bolsters, 
tongues, reaches, newels, balusters, squares, etc., must be inspected. 
witfi a view to the adaptability of the piece for the intended use, as, 
in many cases, it cannot be used for other purposes. 

In inspecting the grade of firsts and seconds, an undue predomir 
nance of seconds should always be judiciously ascertained, as thd 
purchaser is entitled to the full faverage in grade, which must not 
comprise more than 665^ per cent of seconds. 

Standard Lengths are always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 
feet. Shorter than 12 and longer than 16 feet does not come within 
the range of standard. In black walnut and cherry an exception is 
made, and 10 feet is recognized as a standard length. Shorter or 
longer than standard lengths, in all varieties of hardwood lumber, 
except in counter tops, are to be reduced one grade lower, unless 
otherwise agreed between buyer and seller. 

Mixed Lots, containing boards, planks, flooring, bolsters, reaches, 
etc., shall be measured and inspected according to the rules govern- 
ing the measurement and inspection of boards and planks, unless 
otherwise agreed between buyer and seller. 

Flooring Strips should be 4 and 6 inches in width; 1 and 154 
Inches in thickness. Other widths and thicknesses shall be desig- 
nated as special sizes. It must have one face and two edges clear. 

Common flooring strips shall be of the same size and general char- 
acter as clear, but may have two small sound knots not exceeding 
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, or a small amount of wane on 
©ne edge which will not injure it for working to its full size. 



24 CHICAGO HAKDWOOD INSPECTION 



Hickory should never be cut while the eap is rising, as it is then 
liable to powder-post, and Indications of deterioration of this char- 
acter should be carefully scrutinized. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be clear and free from 
heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches, plump. The length must 
be 4 feet full or multiples thereof. 

Balusters and table legs shall be clear and square, 2x2, 2^x2^, 
3x3 and 4x4, 32 inches long. 

Newels, balusters and table legs not coming up to the grade of 
clear shall be classed as cull. 

Counter-tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, 134 and 1V4 inches 
thick, and must be strictly clear, not less than 20 inches wide. 

Clear lumber shall be 10 inches wide and over, free from all 
defects of every kind or nature. 

Bolsters must be 4 feet, 4 feet 6 inches, or multiples thereof in 
length and the size must be 3x4, 31/2x414, 3)^x5 or 4x5 inches. 

Reaches must be 2x4, or 234x4^4 inches, and the lengths 8, 10, 12 
and 16 feet. 

Harrow Timber must be 2y2x2% inches, and the lengths, 5, 10 and 
14 feet. 

HicKORT Axles must be clear, and in lengths of 6 or 12 feet for 
sizes 3i/^x4J^, 4x5, 4x6 and 4i/^x6 and 7 or 14 feet for 5x6 and 5x7 on 
special order, cut from sound, tough, butt logs. 

Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight, 2x4 at small end and 
4x4 at the butt end, or 2i/^x4i/^ at small end and 414x414 at butt end, 
12 feet long, from tough, straight-grained timber. 

BoLSTERS,reache8 , harrow timber, hickory axles and wagon tongues 
not up to the grade of clear will be classed as cull. 

Standard THieKNEssES shall be 1, 1J4, li-^, 2^ 3V^, 3 and 4 inches, 
except poplar which will allow % inch. 

When lumber is sold on this market to be measured merchantable, 
the inspector must measure full, except in culls which are to be 
measured at one-half. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square- 
edged, and with square ends. Tapering lumber should be measurf d 
ftt the small end. Ordinary season checks are not considered de- 
fects. 

Squares shall be 4x4. 5x5, 6x6, 7x7 and 8x8 inches. 

Stains, Specks, hearts shakes, rot worm-holes, etc., are consid- 
ered serious defects, reducing the lumber to grades lower than firsts 
and seconds. 

Log Run is always understood to be the unpicked run of the logs 
— mill culls out. 

POPLAR AND WHITEWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches wide and over. At 11 inchps 
may have 1 inch of sap or 1 standard knot and at 13 inches 2 stand- 
ard knots or 3 inches of bright sap. At 15 inches 3 standard knots or 
4 inches of bright sap may be allowed. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall include 6 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one, 
and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in prog^ortion to in- 
creased width. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 



CHICAGO HAKDWOOD INSPECTION. 25 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below tlie description of 
common. .„..„, , 

Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 to 17 inches 
wide and free from all defects except bright sap one-third of their 
width. 

ASH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 

and cull. . o i i. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one, and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one, 
and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

OAK. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one, and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one 
and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. Thick plank may contain sound hearts if well 
boxed. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

Wagon Stock must be cut from good, sound, tough, straight- 
grained timber, free from knots. 

Timbers must be free from unsound knots.* Sound hearts not 
showing on the outside will be allowed. 

hickory and pecan. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one, and at 10 inches two standard knots or bright sap may be al- 
lowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one, 
and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

BLACK walnut. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
pne inch of sap or one standard knot, and at IQ inches two inclies of 



26 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



sap or two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more 
defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
•width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide and shall include all lum- 
ber not up to the grade of firsts and seconds, but available full three- 
fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsound 
lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

CHERRY. 

The inspection grades shall consist of ^firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
may have one inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches two 
inches of sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more de- 
fects of this character may be made in proportion to increased 
width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide and shall include all lum- 
ber not uo to the grade of firsts and seconds, but available full three- 
fourths of its size for use without waste, free from hearts and un- 
sound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

Note.— Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and when their 
damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the piece, shall reduce to 
the grade of common. When their damage exceeds one-third of the 
size of the piece, it shall be reduced to cull. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 Inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
may have one inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches two 
inches of sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more defects 
of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one inch of 
sap or one standard knot, and at 8 inches two inches of sap or two 
standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of 
this character may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

GUM. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one standard knot, and at 10 inches two standard knots or one inch 
of bright sap may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of 
this character may be made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall include all lumber available for use full three- 
fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsound 
lumber. Clear sap may be included in this grade. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

HARD and soft MAPLE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 



CHICA&O HAHDWOOD INSPECTION. 27 



Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over (except floor- 
ing). At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be 
allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be 
made in proportion to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, and may have 
defects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches 
one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

BASSWOOD AND COTTONWOOD. 

The inspection grades shall consist of first and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one 
and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width , Slightly discolored sap is allowed. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 



The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches, 
one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in propor- 
tion to increased width. Bright sap is not a defect. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, and may have 
defects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches 
one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

BEECH AND SYCAMORE. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. ' 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. 

Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and may have de- 
tects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches 
ono and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more defects of this character may be made iu proportion 
to Increased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 



S8 CHICAGO HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



BLM. 

The inspection of grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, com- 
mon and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 
one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allow- 
ance for more detects of this character may be made in proportion 
to increased width. Bright sap is not a defect. 

Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one 
and at 8 inches two standard knots maybe allowed. An allowance 
for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

QUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER — OAK, SYCAMORE, ETC. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common 
and cull. 

Firsts and Seconds mast be 5 inches wide and over. At 7 inches 
one and at 9 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be made in propor- 
tion to increased width. 

Common shall be 4 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 
8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for 
more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- 
creased width. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

CYPRESS. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and eeconds, common 
and culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over. At 10 inches 
two standard knots and 3 inches of bright sap may be allowed. An 
allowance for more defects of this character may be made in pro- 
portion to increased width. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and 
seconds, but free from shakes, large knots, hearts and unsound 
lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

Shakes and Pecks are of great damage and should be closely 
scrutinized. 

SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. 

Inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, common and 
cull. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over (except floor- 
ing), free from defects except narrow bright sap on the face eide, 
or two small sound knots not over three-fourths of an inch in 
diameter. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of firsts and 
seconds, but free from shakes, large knota or unsound lumber. 

Cull shall comprise all Avidths and sizes below the description of 
common. 

First and Second Clear Flooring and Strips mu=t be free 
from all defects except bright sap, which is allowable. Blue sap is 
excluded. 

Common Flooring and Strips must b« of the same size and gen- 
eral character as first and eecoad clear, but may have two or three 



hf. LOUIS INSPECTION. 2& 

small sound knots of not morj tiiaa three-fourths of an inch in di- 
ameter, or a small wane on one edge which will not injure it for 
working to its full size. 

Step Plank, first and second clear, must not be less than 12 
inches wide and 1^4 and 2 inches thick; free from all defects on one 
side, except 2 inches of bright sap. 

RED CEDAR. 

Red cedar should be sold log run, to be measured for what it can 

be worked for. Lengths and widths are no defects. Caution should 

be used in determining defects. 

Note. — Inspectors are authorized to measure and inspect all kinds 
of hardwood lumber that are not included in these rules according 
to the rules governing the inspection of hard and soft maple. 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 



Adopted at a Meeting of the I rade held December 19, 1883 ; to take 
effect on and after January 15, 1884. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS AND MEASURERS. 

It is understood that when the term strips is used, the said strips shall 
be six inches in width unless otherwise specified. All tapering pieces of 
lumber to be measured one-third (I3) the distance from the narrow end, 
when 12 inches and over in width at the center, and when less than 12 
inches wide in center to be measured at the narrow end. All lumber to be 
measured in even lengths (except culls), from 12 to 30 feet inclusive in 
length. Above that length timber shall be counted for what it will meas- 
ure. 

Culls commence 10 feet in length, and then measure the same as other 
Qualities. Manufacture should be taken into consideration in all qualities, 
and if badly manufactured should reduce the grade. Pieces of lumber 
that have auger holes near the end, should be measured for length be- 
tween the holes, if 12 feet and over, and what is so measured to be called 
in its proper quality ; if any auger holes in the center, as well as at the 
ends, should go into cull to be measured full. 

Inspectors and measurers are instructed that the rule herein given as to 
width and thickness, is the standard width and thickness for merchantable 
lumber of each grade. But when some slight deviation, either in width or 
thickness, should occur by accidental manufacture, so long as it will not 
hinder the lumber from being used for the purpose for which it is in- 



30 St. LOUIS IN8:^ECTI0N. 



tended such lumber sliall not be reduced in grade on account of such de- 
viation, it being the purpose of the accompanying rules of inspection to 
grade lumber so that the grades sold on the lumber market and out of 
yards shall be the same. In no case shall mill culls be considered a qual- 
ity for the purpose of increasing the inspection fees. 

RULES FOR THE INSPECTION OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. 

In hardwood inspection, the inspector is instructed to use his best judg- 
ment, based upon the general rules laid down for his guidance. He must 
inspect all boards and plank on the poorest side, excepting in flooring. 
The standard knot is to be considered as not exceeding 1J4 inches in 
diameter, and of a sound character. Splits are always a greater or less 
damage to hardwood lumber, and will reduce a piece to one grade lower 
if the split is over 12 inches in length in boards and plank, or six inches 
in strips, but split must be straight and in one end only to be allowed. All 
hardwood lumber should be sawed 1-16 inch plump. All lumber must be 
sawed square edged, unless otherwise ordered, and boards and plank hav- 
ing bark or wane must be reduced one grade and measured inside wane or 
bark. All boards one inch and under thick shall be measured face meas- 
ure. If sawed scant one inch shall be reduced one grade; if under three- 
fourths of an inch reduced two grades. All badly mis-sawed lumber shall 
be classed as culls. No cull is considered as having a marketable value 
which will not work one-half its size without waste. Lumber sawed for 
specific purposes, as axles, bolsters, reaches, harrow timbers, newels, bal- 
usters, etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability of the piece 
for the intended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized for other piir- 
poses. In the inspection of combined grades of firsts and seconds, an un- 
due predominance of seconds should always be judiciously ascertained, as 
the purchaser is entitled to the full average in quality, based upon the 
average mill run of the kind of timber involved. Standard lengths are 
always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 10 per cent, of 10 feet 
lengths may be allowed. Shorter than 10 feet does not come within the 
range of marketable, although sometimes admitted. In black walnut and 
cherry an exception is made, and 10 feet is recognized as a standard 
length, and 10 per cent, of eight foot lengths may be admitted in the firsts 
and seconds, and even six feet in lower grades. Mill culls are never rec- 
ognized as marketable, and all culls which will not work to the use for 
which the timber or the size is applicable, without wasting more than or.e- 
half , is a mill cull, and shall be so reported on certificate. 

Hickory should never be cut while the sap is rising, as it is then liable 
to powder-post, and indications of deterioration of this character should 
be carefully scrutinized by the inspector. 

Newels from all kinds of timber must be cut outside the heart, to square 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches when seasoned; the lengths must be tour feet or 
the multiples thereof. 



ST. LOUiS INSPECTION. Si 

^ — ■ ■ ' ' 

Balusters must be cut exactly square — ^3x3, 2^x^, 3x3, and 4x4, 
Lengths must be 30 and 33dncbes. 

Black walnut counter tops must be 12, 14, 16 or 18 feet long, 1, 1^, \V% 
and 2 incbes thick, and the width must not be less than 20 inches and free 
of defects. 

Bolsters must be four feet eight inches or the multiple thereof in length, 
and the size must be 3x4, 3^x4i4, and 4x5. 

Reaches must be 2x4, and the lengths 8V4, 9, 10 and 21^x4—12 feet. 

Hickory axles must be in lengths of evi feet for sizes 3;4x4V^, and 7 feet 
for sizes 4x5, ^YzX^H and 5x6 on special order, all cut from tough butt logs. 

Ash wagon tongues must be 2x4 at one end, 3^x4, or 4x4 at the other 
end, 12 feet long, and from tough timber. 

Thicknesses shall be recognized at 1, 1^, 1^^, 2, 2^, 3, 3^4, 4 and 5 
inches in all classes of hardwood boards and plank. 

Merchantable includes only sound lumber, free from rot, shake and un- 
sound hearts ; hearts in nearly all varieties of lumber are to be excluded 
from all grades above culls. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square-edged 
and with square ends. 

In poplar or whitewood, marketable thicknesses shall be recognized at 
%, 1, IJi, 1H» 2, 21/4, 3 and 4 inches; 14, ^, 5 and 6 inches are classed as 
special sizes. When squared, the sizes shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 
and 10x10, and should be sawed % inch plump. 

Worm-holes are to be considered as one of the most serious defects in 
hardwood lumber. 

POPLAR OR WHITEWOOD. 

Inspection grades shall be known as Clear, Second Clear, Common and 
Culls. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width, and free from all defects. 
The square pieces are exempt from this rule only as to width. 

Second Clear must not be less than eight inches in width and clear up to 
10 inches. Boards or plank 10 to 12 inches wide may have two standard 
knots, but no other defects ; or may have bright sap not over three inches 
in width at any place or in the aggregate, and no other defects. Boards 
and plank over 14 inches wide may have two standard knots and four 
inches of bright sap. Boards and planks free of other defects may be one - 
half bright sap, if over 12 inches wide. 

The two grades above enumerated may be combined in one grade, to be 
designated "Firsts and Seconds." 

Common shall include any width not less than seven inches, and will 
allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described in 
Second Clear. Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, 
If over 12 inches wide, and splits shall not be considered a defect. Other- 
wise lumber must be sound. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more defects than de- 
scribed in Common, whether in the number or character of the knots, 



g^ 



ST. LOUIS IITSPECTION. 



badly checked, and generally such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposea 
without waste. c 

Box boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 to 17 inches wide, 
free from all defects except, may be, one-half bright sap. 

Poplar strips must be full six inches wide, 1 and IH inches thick, 12, 14 
and 16 feet long. Clear shall be free of all defects. Second clear may be 
one-half bright sap on sap side, andShave one sound knot not over % inch 
diameter. Common shall embrace all sound strips with more defects 
than second clear. Cull shall contain all unsound strips that will work to 
one-half its contents and all tapering strips. 

Chair plank must be sound and free of heart and large knots, and sawed 
full width and thickness as ordered. 

WHITE ASH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common and 
CuUs. Sap shall not be considered a material injury if bright and in good 
condition. 

Firsts and Seconds must be eight inches wide and over. It must be 
clear, excepting bright sap, up to 10 inches in width. At over 10 inches 
defects may be allowed equivalent to two standard knots. 

Common shall comprise all boards and plank containing more than two 
standard knots, or that are less than eight inches wide, but must be free of 
heart shakes, rot, dote or worm-holes. Cull— all below common that is 
available one-half. Market sizes shall be 1, 1^, 1^^, 2, 2^4, 3, 3^, 4 and 5 

inches. 

Wagon tongues must be cut from tough timber, straight and free from 
all defects. 

Flooring strips must be four and six inches full in width, and have one 

face and two edges clear. 
Common and cull strips not marketable. 

WHITE, BURR AND BED OAK. 

Shall'be classed as First and Second Clear, Common and Culls. 
Grades shall be same as for ash, except that plank containing sound 
heart shall be classed as common. 
Wagon stock must be free from all defects. 

HICKORY. 

Hickory shall be classed as boards, plank and axles. Boards and plank 

shall be inspected in fiists and seconds in one grade, and must not be less 

than six inches wide if less than two inches thick ; this grade shall not 

admit of more than one or two standard knots or bright sap, but no other 

imperfections. 
Axles must be free from all defects, except sap. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the preceding description. 

Wane is permitted in boards and plank. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

Black walnut shall be inspected in grades Firsts, Seconds, Common and 
Colls. 



ST. LOmS lifSPfiCTlON. 3S 



Firsts shall not be less than seven inches wide, and must be free from all 
defects, excepting that a board or plank 10 inches or over wide may have 
two inches of bright sap. 

Seconds shall not be less than six inches wide, and may have a little sap 
or one standard knot, up to eight inches wide ; ^f rom eight to 14 inches 
may have two standard knots or their equivalent. Fourteen inches and 
over wide may have three standard knots and one inch of wane. Boards 
and plank otherwise clear may have heart-shakes or one bad knot if not 
over nine inches from one end. Sap on face side shall be measured out. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the standard of seconds, but 
available a full three-fourths of its size for use without waste, and may 
have heart or shake, not over 12 inches long. 

Marketable thicknesses shall be 1, 134, 1^, 2, 214, 3 and 4 inches. 

Culls shall include any width not good enough for common, in which 
not less than one-half the piece is fit for use without waste. 

Newels and balusters must be free from all defects, excepting what will 
turn off. 

CHEERY. 

Cherry counter tops must be strictly clear. 

Cherry shall be inspected in grades of Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than seven inches wide and must be free from all 
defects. 

Seconds must not be less than six inches wide, absolutely free from 
hearts and gum spots ; but when wider, may have a little sap or two stand- 
ard knots. Sap on the face side shall be measured out. Defects may in- 
crease with the width in proportion. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the standard of Seconds, but in which 
not less than one-half the piece is available for use without waste. 

Newels and balusters must be free from all defects. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

Butternut and chestnut shall be inspected in Firsts, Seconds and 
Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must not be less than six inches wide, and clear tip 
to eight inches, but at eight inches may have an inch of sap or two stand- 
ard knots. Sap on the face side shall be measured out. Defects may in- 
crease with the width in proportion. Worm-holes are absolutely excluded 
from this grade. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the standard of seconds, but available 
not less than one-half to work without waste. 

SWEET GUM. 

Sweet gum shall be inspected in grades of Firsts and Seconds and Com- 
mon. 

Firsts and Seconds must not be less than eight inches wide, and must be 
clear up to 10 inches. Over 10 inches may have two standard knots. Sap 
is wholly excluded from this grade. 



34 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the standard of Firsts and 
Seconds in which not less than three-fourths the piece is available for use 
without waste. 

Culls worthless. 

HAED MAPLE. 

Hard maple shall be inspected in grades of Clear, Common and Culls. 

Clear must embrace all boards and plank eight inches wide or over, and 
at eight inches must be free from all defects ; at 10 inches may have one 
inch of wane on one edge, but shall be measured inside the wane. 

Common must be seven inches and upward in width, and maj- have 
defects not injuring the piece for ordinary uses without waste. This grade 
will admit of two to four standard knots, but no shake. 

Cull shall include all heart-shake, badly sawed or otherwise defective 
lumber, unfitting the piece for common, but in which one-half the piece is 
available for use without waste. 

Clear flooring must have one face and two edges clear. 

Common flooring shall be of the same size and general character as clear, 
but may have one or two small sound knots of not more than three-fourths 
inch in diameter, or a small wane on one edge, which will not injure it for 
working its full size without waste. 

BASSWOOD, SOFT MAPLE, ELM, SOFT ELM, SYCAMORE, BEECH, COTTONWOOD 

AND BIECH. 

The above named varieties of lumber shall be classed under an inspec- 
tion of good and cull, and shall not be less than six inches in width. 

Good shall include all sound lumber free from shake and heart.?. Stand- 
ard knots from one to five in number do not condemn from this grade in 
proportion to the width of the piece. 

Culls include all lumber not good enough for the preceding grade, but in 
which one-haK the piece will work without waste. 

YELLOW PINE. 

Shall be classed as Clear, Second Clear, Common and Cull. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width, and free of all defects. 

Second Clear must be seven inches or more wide, and bright sap not 
called a defect. Will allow one or two small sound knots, not over three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter showing through, if fi'ee of other defects. 
Face being clear, one narrow wane may be allowed. Blue stain that vrill 
dress out shall not injure this grade. First and Second may be classed 
together. 

Common shall include all lumber poorer than described as Seconds, but 
must be sound lumber ; or less than one inch thick. 

Culls include all large unsound knots or shake, and all lumber which will 
not work one-half without waste. 

Flooring strips shall be three, four and six inches wide, and be classed as 
First and Second Clear, Common and Cull. First and Second Clear, three 
and four inches wide, may have one sound knot not over one-half inch di- 



ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 35 

ameter, and free of other defects. Strips six inclies wide may have one 
sound knot not over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and no other de- 
fect. No strips in this class shall have knot on edge of piece. Bright sap 
or blue stain, if it will dress out, shall not be classed as defect. Common 
shall contain all sound strips below Firsts and Seconds, and all blued sap 
pieces. Eaiots large enough to weaken a strip will throw it into culls. 
Culls, all unsound pieces. 

Step plank. First and Second Clear, must not be less than 10 inches 
wide, and be 1, II4. 1^ and 2 inches thick, and be inspected same as boards, 
excepting must have no splits. 

Boards and strips shall be full one inch in thickness. 

Wagon bottoms must be one inch full thick, six, eight, 10 and 12 inches 
wide, 11 feet long. Must be good, sound lumber, blue sap or standard 
knots, without regard to number, being no objection, if knots are not on 
edge. 

Timber and joists must be square edge, and have no defects that will 
impair the strength of the piece for purpose intended. 

CYPKESS. 

Boards and plank shall be in lengths of 12, 14 or 16 feet, 1, 1^4, 1^2, 2, 2^2, 
3, 3^ or 4 inches thick, and be classed as Clear, Second Clear, Common 
and Cull. 

Clear shall be 10 inches and over wide, and free of all defects. Second 
Clear shall be eight inches and over wide, and clear up to 10 inches ; at 10 
inches and over may have two standard knots and three inches of bright 
sap. Free of other defects may be one half bright sap. Clear and Second 
Clear may be combined as one grade, and must be free of shakes or pecks. 

Common will contain all sound lumber under second class and all shaky 
lumber that is available three-fourths. 

Cull shall comprise all unsound lumber that is available one-half. 

Shakes and pecks are always a damage in cypress, and should be closely 
scrutinized. 

Strips must be 12, 14 or 16 feet long, one inch thick by six inches wide, 
unless otherwise ordered, and be classed as clear and second clear, com- 
mon and culls. 

Clear shall be free of all defe-ts. Second clear will allow one sound knot 
% inch in diameter, or in place thereof be one-half sap on sap side. First 
aad second clear may be classed as one grade. 

Common will comprise sound pieces below second clear, or pieces all sap. 

Cull— all unsound pieces available one-half. 

KED CEDAR. 

Boards must be sound and sawed to thickness ordered. 

Po4s may be quartered or squared, hewed or sawed, and seven or eight 
feet long Quartered po.st s must have two faces sawed four inches wide at 
top or small end, ani be straight and sound. Square posts and dimension 
lumber must bs sound to sizes ordered. 



86 SOUTHERN INSPECTION. 



Yellow Pine Classification and Inspection. 



Adopted by the Southern Lumber and Timber Association at a Meeting 
held in Savanna, Ga., February 14, 1883. 



CLASSIFICATION. 

Flooring shall embrace four and five quarter Inclies in thickness, by three 
to six inches in width. For example : 1x3, 4, 5 and 6 ; 1^4X3, 4, 5 and 6. 

Boards shall embrace all thicknesses under one and a half inches by- 
seven inches and up wide, including one and a half inches in thickness by 
seven in width. For example: ^4, 1. 1^4 and 1^ Inches thick by seven 
inches and up wide. 

Scantling shall embrace all sizes from two to five inches in thickness, 
and two to six inches in width. For example : 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6 ; 
3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 3x6; 4x4, 4x5, 4x6; 5x5 and 5x6. 

Plank shall embrace all sizes from one and one-half to five inches in 
thickness by seven inches and up in width. For example: 1^2, 2, 2^, 3, 
3^2, 4, 4^2 and 5x7 and up wide. 

Dimension sizes shall embrace all sizes six inches and up in thickness by 
seven inches and up in width, including six by six. For example : 6x6, 
6x7 ; 7x7, 7x8 ; 8x8, 8x9 and up. 

Stepping shall embrace one to two and a half inches in thickness bs' seven 
inch s and up in width. For example : 1, 1^4, 1^, 2 and 2^x7 and up wide. 

Rough edge or flitch shall embrace all sizes one inch and up in thickness 
by eight inches and up in mdth, sawed on two sides only. For example : 
1, 1^, 2, 3, 4 and up thick by 8 and up wide, sawed on two sides only. 

, SQUAKE-EDGED INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show no wane, shall be free from through or round shakes 
or knots exceeding one inch and a half in diameter, or more than six in a 
board; sap no objection. 

Boards shall show no wane, shall be free from through or round shakes, 
large or imsound knots ; sap no objection. 

Scantling shall be free from injurious shakes, unsound knots, or knots 
to impair strength; sap no objection. 

Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, through or round shakes ; 
sap no objection. 

Dimension sizes— Sap no objection; no wane edges; no shakes to show 
on outside of stick. 

All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes, and saw-butted. 

MEKCHANTABLE INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show one heart face, regardless of sap on the opposite 
Bide, free from through or round shakes or knots exceeding one inch in 
diameter, or more than four in a board on the face side. 

Boards— Nine inches and under ^vide, shall show one heart face and two- 
thirds heart on the opposite side. Over nine inches wide shall show two- 



SOtTTHEEN INSPECTION. 



thirds heart on both sides ; all free irom round or through shakes, large 
or unsound knots. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, free from injurious shakes or 
unsound knots. 

Plank— Nine inches and under wide shall show one heart face, and two- 
thirds heart on.the opposite side. Over nine inches wide shall show two- 
thirds heart on both sides ; all free from round or through shakes, large 
or unsound knots. 

Dimension Sizes— All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on two 
sides, and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall 
show two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart two-thirds of the length on 
edges, excepting where the width exceeds the thickness by three inches or 
over, then it shall show heart on the edges for one-half the length. 

Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from shakes and all knots 
exceeding half an inch in diameter, and not more than six in a board. 

Rough edge or flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, and shall 
be measured in the middle, on the narrow face, free from injurious shakes 
or unsound knots. 

All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes, and saw-butted. 

PRIME INSPECTION. 

Flooring shall show one entire heart face, and two-thirds heart on the 
opposite side, clear of splits, shakes, or knots exceeding one inch in di- 
ameter, or more than four in a board. 

Boards shall show one heart face, and two-thirds heart on opposite side, 
free from shakes or large or unsound knots. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, and not to exceed one inch of 
sap on fourth corner, measured diagonally, free from heart shakes, large 
or unsound knots. 

Plank shall show one entire heart face ; on opposite face not exceeding 
one-sixth its width of sap on each corner, free from unsound knots, through 
or round shakes ; sap to be measured on face. 

Dimension Sizes— On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall not 
exceed one-sixth the width of the face. "When the width does not exceed 
the thickness by three inches, to show half heart on narrow faces the en- 
tire length ; exceeding three inches, to show heart on narrow faces the en- 
tire lengt|i; sap on wide faces to be measured as on square sizes. 

Rough edge, or flitch, shall be measured in the middle on narrow face, 
inside of sap, free from shakes or unsound knots. 

CLEAR INSPECTION. 

Flooring, stepping and boards shall be free of knots, sap, pitch and all 
other defects. 
Scantling shall be free of sap, large knots and other defects. 
Plank shall be free of sap, large knots, or other defects. 

Dimension sizes shall be free from sap, large or unsound knots, shakes, 
through or round. 

DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. 

Re-sawed Lumber— Lumber sawed on four sides. 
Rough Edge, or Flitch— Lumber sawed on two sides. 
Timber— Hewed only, 



38 WILLI AMSPORT INSPECTION. 



WILLIAMSPORT INSPECTION. 



The well known Allegheny region is largely represented by the operat- 
ors at Lock Haven and Williamsport, Pa., and the inspection customs of 
the former are governed by the rules of the West Branch Lumberman's 
Exchange, as is the case in the surrounding country, outside of those two 
points, where lumber is handled to any extent. As the shipments from 
this section are largely to Philadelphia and Baltimore, a knowledge of 
the inspection customs of the producing point, conveys as well an idea of 
the inspection at the consuming or distributing points. As in all other 
markets allowance must be made for variation in practice, while the rules 
are observed as a standard. 

RULES OF INSPECTION 

Adopted by the West Branch Lumberman's Exchange, and in vogue at 
Williamsport and contiguous points. 

Selects and Better. — Shall include all the better grades which are 
equal in value to the following described piece : not less than eight inches 
In width, and perfect up to ten inches in width, except sap, which may 
be admitted one and one-half times the thickness on the back side. 

Above ten inches wide will adiuit of imperfections equal to three small 
knots, and sap one and one half times the thickness on face side; above 
fourteen inches wide will admit of imperfections equal to sap as above, 
and larger knots and straight split one-sixth the length of the piece; as 
the width increases, will admit of greater imperfections, but not enough 
to decrease the value below the first described piece. 

Picks. — This grade shall include all boards below the grade of Selects 
and better, that shall be equal in value to a piece of from six to nine 
inches wide, that shall have a perfect face, with back side sound and free 
from badly stained sap. 

Above nine inches wide, will admit of defect equal to sap two inches 
on either edge of face side, and knots equal to one knot two and one-half 
inches in diameter. 

Above thirteen inches wide may admit of defects equal to sap nine inches 
in width on either edge of face side, and three knots two and one-half 
inches in diameter. All boards of this grade above ten inches may admit 
of straight split, one-sixth the length of the piece, but no board shall be 
pf less value than the first described piece. 



MAINE SURVEY. 



Flooring,— ShaM include all boards below Picks that shall be five 
inches in width, with red, sound knots not exceeding one and one-half 
inches in diameter. Will admit of sap one and one-half times the thick- 
ness of the piece, and when above ten inches in width may admit of 
straight split one-sixth the length of the piece, and should be free from 
shakes, rot and loose knots. 

Third Common or Barn BoartJs.— Shall include all lumber below 
the grade of flooring that is of fairly sound character. May admit of 
straight split one-quarter the length of the piece, and should be free from 
large loose knots, bad shakes and rot. 

Culls and Satnples. — Shall consist of all lumber of a generally un- 
sound character, and where the imperfections are too great to allow of 
the board being used for the ordinary uses of Third Common or Barn 
Boards. Worthless, rotten lumber should not be counted in this grade. 

Pickets. — No. 1. Shall be clear of knots, wane and black sap; not less 
than seven-eighths inch thick and two and a half inches wide. 

No. 2. May include sound knots, stained sap and wane not to exceed 
one-half the thickness of picket. 

Square Pickets to be of same grades. 

LatJi. — No. 1. ShaU be one and a half inches wide, not less than three- 
eighths of an inch thick, packed in bundles of 100 pieces to each bundle. 

Hemlock, — Shall consist of two grades ; merchantable and cull hem- 
lock. 

Shingles,— Ave graded Nos. 1 and 2, and are twenty-four inches in 
length. 

No. 1. Should be clear of sap and knots; five-eighths-inch at the butt 
and one-eighth-inch at the point. 

No. 2, Should be clear at least one-third the length from the butt, but 
the balance will admit of small knots, if sound, and some sap. 



MAINE SURVEY. 



Maine was at one time the heaviest producing section in White Pine. 
Fifty years ago the lumberman of New York, Connecticut and contiguous 
states, made annual ocean voyages to Bangor and other points in Maine 
for their supplies of Pine and Spruce lumber and timber, and the hardy 
lumbermen of that day, or their sons and successors, have been among 
the most forward and enterprising agents in the settlement of the then 
unknown forests of the Northwest. Year by year have the forests of 
Maine yielded to the brawn and muscle of the lumbermen, and the in- 



40 MAINE SURVEY. 



satiate appetite of the sa'W mill, until to-day the character of the Pine 
i-esources of the state is well depicted in the designations which attest the 
prevailing systems of Inspection. WTiile the quantity of pine is very 
much reduced, the quality of it has also deteriorated in proportion, and 
the "Survey" is less to the advantage of the purchaser. Maine still boasts 
a large supply of Spruce and Hemlock, and will be able to supply these 
for many years to come. In fact, from the well known rapid growth of 
Spruce, the state will, for a generation at least, be still able to supply its 
quota, and one-half the state will always be productive forest as the land 
is worth more to grow timber on than any other crop, and is only culled, 
Bot cleared. 
The Survey of Spruce is rather in favor of the purchaser. 

PINE. 

No. 1. — Is entirely dispensed with, and the first quality now recognized 
is called No. 2. 

No. 2. — This may be of any length or width, provided, however, that 
the short lengths and narrows must be good; the shorter and narrower 
the board, the better the quaUty required. A board twelve feet long and 
five or six inches in width, must be entirely free from knots a^d sap, and 
must be straight in grain. Larger boards must be nearly free ftom knots, 
sap and shake. 

No. 3. — Must be free from shakes, but a few knots or a little sap will 
not condemn it. The size of the board goes far to determine this quality; 
very small pieces otherwise up to grade, would be classed as No, 4. 

No. 4. — Is a small board usually free from knots, but with some sap. 
If large boards are put in this number, it is because one-quarter or one- 
third of the piece is shaky, although the balance may be good. 

The market recognizes, also, two kinds of shipping boards designated 
" Shippers", viz. : Smooth and Common. 

Smooth SJiippers, — Are boards without shake or case knots, or any 
large knots. 

Common Shippers. — Are boards coarse and knotty, eight inches and 
upward in width, and twelve feet and upward in length, (These are some- 
times manufactured under special orders, when they may be nine inches, 
ten inches, or even greater widths.) In this grade splits, red streaks or 
very shaky boards are objectionable. 

Narrows, or Narroiv Boards. — Is the next grade to Common Ship- 
pers, and consists of boards too small for Shippers. These must not be 
very coarse; must be suitable for floor boards. 

Poor Fours, — These consist of sappy, shaky, or knotty boards, not 
suited to be classed in either of the foregoing descriptions. 



BUKLINGTON, VT., INSPECTION. 41 



Scoots.— Are the lowest grade; rotten boards and all others not ad- 
missable in other gi-ades are surveyed as scoots. 

The market also handles what is termed Sapling Pine or Gang Boards. 
These are usually manufactured in gang mills, the survey as to quaUty 
being about the the same as the balance of the grades described, except 
as to designation, the twos, threes and fours being put together under the 
one term Planers. The shippers, narrow boards, poor fours and scoots 
are surveyed as described in those heads. 

Gutter and Deck Plank— The rule last described is also applied to 
gutter and deck plank. 

SPRUCE. 

Spruce is known in the two qualities of Merchantable and Scoots. The 
Scoots comprise boards which are cross grained, renty or rotten. In sur- 
veying the grades are divided into two qualities, viz. : Floor Boards and 
Coarse. The floor boards must be nearly free from knots; all others are 
^oarse. 



BURLINGTON, VT., INSPECTION. 



Although doing a large business in lumber the extensive market of 
BurUngton has no systematized method of inspection. Steps are, how- 
ever, in progress looking to that end, and probably before long rules and 
regulations regarding inspection will be adopted by the dealers in that 
section. While each lumberman now has an inspection of his own, a va- 
riety of customs prevail, notwithstanding an endeavor on the part of all 
toward uniformity. 

The grades recognized in the Burlington market are as follows : Selects, 
Shelving, Second Shelving, Pickings, Shippers, Box and Mill Culls. 
These gradings apply to wide lumber from eight inches and upward. 
Strips twelve feet long and upward are classed as First Quality, Second 
Quahty, Third Quality and Box. 

Under twelve feet in length the classes of First and Seconds are com- 
bined as one, while all unfit for this grade go into a still lower grade of 
Third Quality or into a new grade of Box. 

Spruce is divided into three grades, namely : Clear, number One and 
number Two. (See Maine Survey.) 

Selects,— Com-prine the finer grades of lumber, and include all fair 
widths approaching to the upper grades of other markets, and suited to 
all the finer finishing purposes, for which the timber is adapted. 

Shelving, — ^Includes ten, twelve and fourteen inch stock, and is classed 
as First and Second Shelving, as to relative quality and adaptability to 



42 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

the purpose indicated; First Quality ranks about $7 per thousand below 
uppers, while the Second Quality is from $5 to $7 below the First. In 
both quahties more or less knots and sap may be allowed, not affecting 
the board for the purpose from which it derives its name. 

Pickings*— h. grade of lumber of any width, suited to one side finish- 
ing, embracing sap boards, and generally such lumber as while from 
width not fitted for shelving, is more defective than Selects, yet filling a 
position which must otherwise be occupied by Selects. As in other mar- 
kets, it may be called the cream of the Common. It is relatively in price 
about $12 below Selects. 

Shippers, — Are of diversified widths, without shake or case knots, 
and free from large, coarse knots, comprising the best of the common 
after the Picks are removed. 

Box. — Comprises a grade poorer than Shippers, yet taking the run of 
the common, in all fairly sound and merchantable lumber. In price it is 
from $2 to $3 below Shippers. 

The grades of Shelving (First and Second), Pickings, Shippers and Box 
are, one and all, selections from Common, made with reference to adapt- 
ability to the uses indicated by their designations. 

Mill Culls. — Are the poorest grade of lumber adapted to any utility, 
or recognized as merchantable, and bear the same description as the same 
grade in other markets. 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



TIMBER, 



ISound, — Length of all logs measured to square butt of log, if with pins 
at ends, length measured inside of one of the pins, allowing the other. 
Proportional deductions made from length for extra pins or faults. 

Octagon Logs. — Or logs having more than four faces, shall be measured 
at small end, string measure, girting the log, and one-quarter the girt 
shall be considered as the fourth of the square. Waney logs, however, 
not to be comprised amongst the above, but to be measured as explained 
hereafter. 

If crooked, the lines shall be drawn to make the same the chord of the 
arc of each crook or bend, thus shaping it a perfect squared log from ex- 
treme points. 

Cif press Timber. — In round logs, when pecky, ten feet off length of logs 
shall be allowed and deducted as compensation for said fault. 

Poplar and Cottomvood. — In round logs to be received at inspection 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 43 

must measure twenty-four inches in diameter, inside bark, by twelve feet 
long. 

Slack Walnut.— In round logs, none shall be received as merchanta- 
ble measuring less than twenty-six inches in diameter, inside bark, and 
ten feet long, unless by special agreement. 

Squared or Waney, — All logs to be measured gross and net. Gross 
measurement taken at largest end, or stump, for the square, and at the 
extreme length of log or spur if any in same. Net measurement taken 
mid-ways of the log, deducting for net on square logs one inch ofE two 
sides of logs, and if waney an additional reduction proportional to wane. 
In domestic timber with pins or pin-holes, the length for net measure- 
ment must be taken inside pins or pin-holes. 

Logs of lengths under regulations to be caUed log ends, and shall be 
paid on their net measurement one-half price paid for logs of standard 
dimension. 

Sawed or hewed timber shall be put up in three classes, viz : Choice, 
Prime and Merchantable. 

Choice. — To be sound, square edged and square butted; must not show 
more than two inches of sap on either face, free from circular shakes or 
unsound knots. 

JPrime.—Ho be sound and square butted, to show heart on each face, 
may show place of wane not to exceed two feet at any one place, and that 
not more than three places ia any one corner. 

Blerchantahle. — To be sound and square butted, not more than three 
inches in width of wane on a corner; need not show heart on any side. 

SPARS. 

Mast Sticks.— MMsi be worked eight square, and must be straight, 
well hewed, and show heart every four feet in length on every face; free 
from coarse or unsound knots and other defects; knots over two inches 
in diameter are called coarse; ring knots and knots less than three feel 
apart condemned. Not more than four knots must be left in one spar, 
and must be worked with as little taper as possible. 

LENGTH. DIAMETER AT CENTER. DIAMETER AT TOP. 



66 feet. 


Not less than 21 inches. 


Not less than 17 inches, 


69 " 


" " " 23 " 


" " " 18 " 


76 " 


" " " 26 " 


<4 it U ]9 W 


79 '^ 


" " " 27 " 


" " " 20 " 


82 " 


" " " 28 " 


" " " 21 % 



Ordinary spars may be hewed four square, though eight square is pre 
ferred, may show wane on four corners full length, not over three inches 
wide ja widest place; must show heart full length on four sides, taper as 
liTtle as possible; must be straight and free from coarse or unsound knots 



44 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

or other defects. Ring knots and knots less than three feet apart pob- 
demned. Not more than four knots must be left in one spar. 

LENGTH. DIAMETER AT CENTER. 

66 to 68 feet 17 inches and upward. 

69 to 72 " 18 " 

73 to 76 " ^ 19 " ". 

77 to 80 " 20 " " 

81to84 " 21 " " 

Octagon spars measured with calliper, and square spars with dip roa 
(three inch hook). Size and length required to hold full. Fractiona' 
parts of an inch or foot not counted. 

N. B. All the above correspond also to cypress, with only two excep- 
tions. 1st. That cypress having small hollow knots inside the logs, when 
manufactured in lumber, such knots are not allowed in classes Choice 
and Prime, but only in class Merchantable. 2d. That cypress, whether 
it be timber or lumber, can be received in lengths of twelve feet and up- 
ward, unless differently stipulated by contract or agreement. 

WHITE OAK AND ASH. 

White Oak and Ash shall be No. 1, or choice, No. 2, or Prime, No. 3, or 
Merchantable. 

Choice, or No, i,— Logs to be from body of tree thirty-five or fifty 
feet long and upward, eighteen to thirty inches square and upward. To 
be square butted with saw, straight grained, free from heart or side rot. 
worm holes, large or unsound knots, splits, checks, shakes, frost or sun 
cracks ; good, sound sap on two corners allowed, not to exceed one inch 
in each corner for every twelve inches in width. If hewn, free from 
spalls and ax scores, and not to taper over one and one-half inch for every 
twenty feet in length, and squared to sharp edge. Pins allowed, if these 
should be the only defect, provided same be found only at both ends, and 
one side of logs, and not further than six inches from each end, but none 
in the middle, nor on two sides of logs. 

Prime, or No. ;3.— Length to be from twenty-five to fifty feet and up- 
ward, and to be sixteen to twenty-five inches square and upward, straight 
grained. To be square butted with saw, splits or checks to be parallel to 
two sides of log on one end, and allowed at the other end if parallel to the 
same side of the opposite end. Sap if sound and good allowed on three 
corners, not to exceed one inch in each corner for every twelve inches in 
width. Timber to be free from worm holes, large and unsound knots, 
wind or other shakes, sun cracks allowed only on one side or face of logs; 
pins or pin holes allowed if not more than nine inches from each end, and 
only on one side of logs. Diameter of heart rottenness, if any, not to ex- 
ceed one-twelfth of diameter of log, and not to exceed one foot for every 



NEW OELEANS INSPECTION. 45 

twenty teet in length, but no side rottenness allowed. If sawed or hewed, 
to taper as per Class No. 1, wane not to exceed one and one-half inch to 
perfect square of logs. If hewed, to be free from ax scores. 

Merchantable, or No. 3. — Logs to be twenty to thirty feet and up- 
ward in length , and to be nothing under fourteen to twenty inches and 
upward square; to be square butted with saw, splits or checks allowed as 
in class No. 2. Sap allowed on four corners not to exceed one inch in 
each corner for every twelve inches in width. Timber to be free from 
large or unsound knots and worm holes. Wind or other shakes at one 
end of log received; sun or frost cracks allowed on two sides of logs, pins 
and pin holes at end and in middle, if not too numerous and only on one 
side of logs. Heart rottenness received as per Class No. 2, and a slight 
side rottenness received if only on one side. If log hewn, ax scores ad- 
mitted if not too numerous. Wane not to exceed two inches to perfect 
square of logs. Logs to taper two inches for each twenty feet in length. 
Any timber not within above classification is called rejected, and cannot 
be branded as inspected, though by special contract it may be accepted 
by purchasers. 

Classification of Pine, Cypress, Poplar, Cotton and other soft woods. 
All kinds of lumber are measured full contents, the question of sap, etc., 
e'c, being always determined by contract and stipulated classification of 
same. 

Flitch.— All kinds of flitch to be measured at small end of pieces, Inside 
sap on one edge, and sap measured on the other edge. 

Deals. — Deals shall be put in three classes, viz.: Choice. Prime and 
Merchantable. 

Cftoice.— Sound, square edged and square butted with saw. all heart 
with exception of small streaks of sap on one face, comparatively free from 
knots, and entirely free from shakes and splits, nine inches and upward in 
width, three inches and upward in thickness, and twelve feet and upward 
in length. 

rrime.— Sound, square edged, and square butted, one heart face, 
three-fourths heart on the other face, entirely free from shakes, splits, 
large or unsound knots, nine inches wide and upward, and twelve feet 
long and upward. 

Merchantable — Sound, square edged and square butted, one heart 
face, and show heart on the other face, free from through shakes, sphts 
and unsound knots, nine inches wide and upward, three inches thick 
and upward, and twelve feet long and upward. 

ScantUnff.— Scantling shall be put in two classes, viz.: Prime and 
Merchantable. 

Prime — Must be square edged, three comers heart, sound, evenl> 
sawed, free from large or unsound knots, through shakes or splits, twelvt 



46 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

feet long and upward, sizes 2x3 to 11x11 inclusive. Since from 8x8 to 11x11 
inclusive may show sap on all corners, but not to exceed one to one and 
one-fourth inch on any one corner, in proportion to the width of the 
scantling. 

M rchantable.—Sonnd., square edged, evenly sawed, free from 
through shakes and splits, sizes same as Prime. Four corners sap al- 
lowed as in class Prime. 

Plank. — Plank shall be put two classes, viz. : Prime and Merchant- 
able. 

Prime,— Knsi be sound, one heart face, two-thirds heart on the other 
face, square edged, evenly .sawed, free from through shakes or splits, 
large or unsound knots, one and one-fourth to three inches thick, by ten 
inches and upward, and twelve feet long and upward. 

Merchantable. — Sound, one heart face, evenly sawed, square edged, 
free from through shakes, splits or unsound knots, one and one-quarter 
to three inches thick, ten inches wide and upward, twelve feet long and 
upward 

Flooring* — Flooring shall be put in three classes, viz. : Clear, Prime 
and Merchantable. 

Clear, — Must be sound, free from sap, knots, shakes and splits. 

Prime. — Must have one face free from sap, and the opposite mer- 
chantable. 

Jlfei'e7i.on<a6Ie»— Must show one-half heart on most sappy face the 
whole length, free from through and round shakes or unsound knots. 

All flooring must be sawed plump for any size it is calculated for. 

Edge boards must be one or one and one-fourth inch thick, any width 
or length, must be sound, square edged, free from loose knots o' 
splits, and show heart on both sides. 

All lumber of a merchantable quality and upward must be square 
butted. All refuse cuUings, or lumber of a quality below these classifi- 
cations to have no class, but be sold on its merits. Cypress lumber hab 
two special classifications besides those similar to pine, as follows : 

Narrow. — To be from four to nine inches in width, three-quarters to 
one inch thick, and must be sound, square edged and free from eap. 

Box Sttijf.— To be of any width from two inches and upward, and of 
one inch full thickness, square edged, and free from sap. 

Lumber,— 1b to be classed also No. 1, or Choice, No. 2, or Prime, and 
No. 3, or Merchantable. 

Choice, or No, i.— Shall be sound, square edged and butted with saw, 
and evenly sawed. Widths to be from twenty to thirty inches and up- 
ward. Thickness from one-half to eight inches. Length from twenty- 
five to fifty feet and upward. Entirely free from splits, checks, large and 
unsound knots, pins or pin holes, frost or sun cracks, worm holes. 



NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 47 

wind or other ehakes, and with only one-eighth of an inch of sound sap 
on one corner, for every twenty inches in width. 

Prime, or No, 2, — Shall be square edged, butted with saw and evenly 
sawn. Widths from sixteen to twenty inches and upward. Length from 
twenty to fifty feet and upward; entirely free from shakes, frost and sun 
cracks, splits, large or unsound knots and worm holes. Only two pins or 
pin holes accepted at each end at six to nine inches from end, and one 
inch sound sap on two corners allowed for every sixteen inches in width. 

Merchantable, or No, 3. — Shall be square edged, square butted with 
Baw, and evenly sawn. One heart face on one side and must show heart 
on two-thirds of length of other face ; sap, however, must be sound. Free 
from through shakes or through splits, and entirely free from large or 
unsound knots. Pins or pin holes as per Class No. 2. Sun and frost 
cracks allowed on sappy face only, and not to go beyond two inches in 
depth on any one face. Lengths from sixteen to twenty feet or more. 

FMfcA.— Same classifications but dimensions to be taken as stated 
under the head of Classification. 

BLACK WALNUT, CHERRY AND OTHER DOMESTIC HARDWOODS. 

Titnher.— Shall be put in four classes, viz. : No. 1, or Choice ; No. 2, or 
Prime; No. 3, or Merchantable, and Kef use. 

Choice, or No, J.— Logs to be from body of tree, straight grained, 
and from twelve feet and upward in length, and from twenty-eight inches 
and upward square; to taper only three-quarters to one inch for every 
twelve feet in length. To be square butted with saw, free from all defects 
to make it suitable to best kind of work. Wane allowed one and one-half 
inch to full square of log for every ten inches width or depth. Pins al- 
lowed, if this be the only defect, provided the same be found only at both 
ends, and on one side of logs, and not farther than six inches from each 
end. 

JPrime, or No. ^.— Logs from body of tree, and in length same as 
No. 1, and with same taper, and from twenty-two inches and upward 
square. To be straight grained, square butted with saw, free from shakes, 
bad or large knots, heart or side rottenness, one and one-half inch for 
every ten inches in width or depth allowed for wane and corresponding 
sap to same, also pins at both ends of logs, but not further than six 
inches from each end, and shall be free from splits not parallel to one face. 

Merchantable, or No. 3.— Logs in length of 'ten feet and upward, 
and eighteen inches square and upward. Taper and wane allowed as in 
class number two ; free from bad shakes, large or unsound knots, and 
bad splits; pins allowed as in class No. 2, also splits at the ends of logs 
though not parallel to sides. 

Be/use,— All timber losing gne-third or more of its measurement as 



<S NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 



allowance for defects shall be called Refuse, and will be considered unfit 
for shipment unless diSerently stipulated in contracts of sale. 

Z/uniber.— Shall be divided in three classes, viz: No. 1, No. 2 and 
Refuse. 

No. 1.— Includes all boards, planks and joist free from rot, shakes, 
and nearly free from knots, sap and bad taper. All pieces to be evenly 
sawed, square butted, and square edged. Knots to be small and sound, 
and so few as not to cause waste to the best kind of work. A small spht 
on one end of a board or plank if not too long and parallel with edge of 
piece, is also classed No. 1. 

iVo. ^.— All pieces must be square edged and evenly sawed; this class 
includes all other descriptions if so manufactured, except when one-third 
is worthless, that is, boards, joist or planks containing sap, knots, splits 
on one end, and all these imperfections combined make less than one-third 
of a piece unfit for good work, and only fit for ordinary purposes, such 
piece is classed No. 2. 

Refuse, — ^Includes all boards, planks or joists badly manufactured by 
being sawed in a diamond shape, smaller in one part than in another, 
splits on both ends, or with long split or splits not parallel to edge, with 
large and bad knots, worm or pin holes, sap, rot, shakes, or other imper- 
fections which would cause any one piece of lumber to be one-third 
worthless or waste. 

MAHOGANY, SPANISH CEDAR, AND OTHER LIKE FOREIGN 
HARDWOODS. 

Timber.— ShaU. be put in four classes, viz. : Choice, Prime, Merchants 
abe and Refuse. 

Choice Cedar. — Must be straight grained, free from knots and all and 
every other defect. Shall be manufactured straight and evenly, may be 
hewed or sawed and ought to be square butted with saw before shipment, 
as all slant heads will be deducted from gross to sale measurement, fuU 
up to perfect square of logs, which must measure from twelve feet and 
upward long, and eighteen inches and upward square. Wane of three- 
fourths of one inch to perfect sqiiare is permitted, but is invariably de- 
ducted in its proportional ratio to the log from gross to sale measurement. 

Choice Mahogany. — WiU correspond to above specifications, except 
thai logs may be curly or cross-grained, and sizes must be twelve feet long 
and upward, and twenty inches and upward square. 

J'rime Cedar. — ^Must be straight grained and free from large knots, 
small ones, if sound, being allowed. ShaU be manufactured as in class 
Choice. Wormy sap not objectionable if worm-holes do not go through to 
the body of the wood, and a wane of two inches to perfect square of logs 
is permitted, also, rotten or decayed heart not to exceed one-eighth of 



NEW OKLEANS INSPECTION. 49 



lengtli of log; splits not to be over six inches for every ten feet of length 
of log, and sun checks not to be over two inches deep in any one face are 
also permitted, and though all these defects are permitted, they are inva- 
riably deducted from gross to the net, or sale measurement. Logs must 
be ten feet and upward long, and sixteen inches and upward square. 

Friine Mahogany. — Shall correspond to all the above specifications 
except the logs may be cross-grained, curly and have large knots, if sound, 
and that sizes must be ten feet long and upward, and eighteen inches and 
upward square. 

Merchantable Cedar. — ^Logs may be manufactured somewhat un- 
even, but ought to be square butted with saw, as explained in class Choice. 
Can be crooked, waney, sappy, wormy, spht, sun checked, and have rotten 
heads and knots, large or small, provided the logs shall not lose more 
than one-third from the gross to the net sale meaurement for these de- 
fects. Logs can be from nine feet long and upward, and fourteen inches 
square and upward. Wood may be curly or cross-grained. 

Merchantable Mahogany. — Shall correspond to all the above speci- 
fications. 

Refuse Cedar and Mahogany.— K\l other descriptions of wood 
admitted in this class which by its defects will lose more than one-third 
from the gross to the net sale measurement, provided logs shall measure 
nine feet long and upward, and twelve inches square and upward. 

Lumber. — Shall be put in three classes, viz.: Choice, Prime and Mer- 
chantable. 

Choice. — Includes all boards, planks and joists to be square edged, 
evenly sawed and free from sap, rot, shakes or splits, knots, if any. to be 
small and sound, and free from any fault which may cause waste for the 
best kind of work. 

Boards and planks to be not less than eighteen inches wide and upward. 

Prime.— To be manufactured as class Choice; splits parallel to edge of 
piece allowed if not exceeding six inches long for every ten feet in length 
of piece. A streak of sap on two corners allowed, and pieces not to be less 
than fifteen inches and upward wide. 

Merchantable.— Includes all other descriptions of boards, planks and 
joists, provided all imperfections combined shall not make one-third of 
the measurement of any piece, any such being rejected and not entitled 
to classification. 

CIGAB CEDAR STUFF. 

Cigar Cedar Stuff shall be put in two classes, viz.: No. 1 and No. 2. 
Ko. 1 — All boards to be perfect, free of knots, splits, sap, worm holes, 
and any defect which would render any piece unfit for the best work. 
No, ^.—Includes aU other descriptions, except when one-third worth- 



BO NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 

less, in wliich case any such piece is rejected, purchasers having the right 
to refuse them altogether. 

AU lumber, such as planks, boards, scantlings, joists, and deals, shall 
have their contents marked on each piece, and the certificate given by the 
inspector will state all items of specifications corresponding to the survey 
made, and also the number of pieces of each class. 

For roxmd timber the certificate of the inspector v^ill only give the net 
contents of each log, and for square timber the logs shall be numbered, 
and the certificate of measurement must correspond to each number, 
giving both the gross and net measure of each, and the faults found vfhen 
surveying them. 

In all circumstances domestic timber of all descriptions, when rafted, 
wiU class Choice, if with no other fault in same but wooden pins needed 
for its safety in rafting it, provided, however, that same be placed only at 
both ends of logs not further than nine inches from each end, and none 
in the middle. 

STAVES. 

No. 1, pipe 60 in. long, 5 to 6 in. wide, 1}^ in. thick on thin edge 

No. 2, pipe 56 " 

No. 3, pipe 56 " 

No. 1, hogshead.. 48 " 

No. 2, hogshead.. 44 " 

Claret staves 40 " 

Barrel staves 33 " 

All of the above staves must be made of white oak, over cup or cow 
oak, and riven with the grain to as equal thickness as possible. If in 
riving, a stave is thicker on the back, the surplus timber should be taken 
off, thus making both edges about even in thickness. An allowance of 
two inches should be made for crooked sawing, otherwise many staves 
wiU be under the required length. Staves must be clear of sap, heart, 
knots, short crooks, wind shakes and worm-holes. The proper manner 
of sapping is to strike the stave at the end, leaving a slight bulge in the 
center. The timber must be cut when the sap is down, that is during the 
fall and winter. When a stave is spoiled by any of the defects above 
named, it should be sawed down to the length of a shorter dimension, 
as many defective sixty-inch staves by sawing would make good forty- 
four, forty or thirty-three inch staves. Staves are sold by the thousand 
of 1,200 pieces. 

Hoop poles should be of smooth barked hickory, free from heavy butts 
and switch tops. Hogshead poles twelve to fourteen feet in length and 
one full inch in diameter at the top. Barrel poles eight feet in length and 
full three-fourths of an inch at the top. Half barrel poles seven feet long, 
one-half inch at top. 



5 


" 6, 


1)6 


4 


• B 


1 


5 


' 6 


1% 


5 


' 6 


1)6 


5 


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1)6 


5 


• 6 


1)6 



POPLAB INSPECTION. 51 



POPLAR INSPECTION: 



Adopted by the Poplar Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers 
Association, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 15, 1888. This inspection 
is designed to supersede all others in the poplar producing districts 
except for strictly local trade. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

In poplar lumber inspection rules the inspector is instructed to 
use his best judgment, based upon the general rules laid down for 
his guidance. He must inspect all boards and plank on the poorest 
side. The standard knot is to be considered as not exceeding 134 
inches in diameter, and of a sound character. Splits are always a 
greater or less damage to poplar lumber, and will reduce a piece to 
one grade lower if the split ia over 13 inches in length in boards and 
plank, or 8 inches in strips, but splits must be straight and in one 
end only to be allowed. All lumber must be sawed bo that it will 
be of the standard thicknesses when seasoned. All lumber must be 
sawed square edged, unless otherwise ordered, and boards and 
planks having bark and wane must be reduced one grade and meas- 
ured inside wane or bark. All boards 1 inch and under thick shall 
be measured face measure ; if sawed scant it must be placed in next 
thickness below. All badly mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as 
culls. No cull is considered as having a marketable value which 
will not work one-half its size without w^aste. The lumber sawed 
for specific purposes must be inspected with a view to the adapta- 
bility of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it cannot 
be utilized for the purposes. In the inspection of combined grade 
of firsts and seconds, 60 per cent shall be firsts, and may contain 40 
per cent seconds. Standard lengths are always recognized as being 
1 ', 14 and 16 feet, but 10 per cent of 10-foot lengths may be allowed. 
Shorter than 10-foot does not come within the range of marketable, 
although sometimes admitted. Squares: The sizes shall be 4x4, 
5x.5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10x10. Worm holes are to be considered 
as one of the most serious defects in poplar lumber. 

FIRST CLEAK— 1 TO 2 INCHES IN THICKNESS, 

Shall be 8 inches and upward wide and absolutely clear up to 10 
inchps in width. At 11 inches 1 inch of bright sap will be allowed. 
At 12, 13, 14 and 15 inches wide 2 inches of bright eap will be al- 
lowed, or 1 standard knot. At 16 inches and over in width 3 inches 
of bright eap on one edge will be allowed, or 2 standard knots. 



6S I'OPLAR INSPECTION, 



SECOND CLEAK— 1 TO 2 INCHES IN THICKNESS. 

Shall be 8 inclies and upwards in width, and at 8 and 9 inches wide 
will admit of 1 inch of bright sap, but no other defects. At 10, 11 
and IZ inches wide will admit of 2 inches of bright sap and 1 stand- 
ard knot. At 13, 14 and 15 inches wide will admit of 3 inches of 
bright sap and 1 standard knot, or 2 standard knots if there is no 
sap. At 16 inches and over will admit of 5 inches of bright sap 
and 1 standard knot ; if there is no sap then 3 standard knots will be 
admitted. 

21^, 3 and 4 inches, first and second shall be 10 inches and over 
wide; %, |4, % and 3£, first and second clear, shall be 10 inches and 
over wide, and contain not less than 75 per cent firsts. 

SQUARES. 

Shall be of the combined grade of first and second clear. 4x4''8 
must be clear of all defects excepting Yz inch of sap on the face 
side; 5x5 and 6x6 will admit of 2 inches of bright sap on one face; 
7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10x10 will admit of 3 inches of bright sap on one 
face. 

Squares must be free of hearts and unsound knots, 

SAP CLBAB. 

Shall be sound but not black and 6 inches and over in width and 
free of all defects, 

COMMON. 

Shall include any width not less than 6 inches, and will allow of 
bright or dis-colored sap and knots beyond those described in second 
clear. Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, 
if over 12 inches wide; and straight splits shall not be considered a 
defect ; otherwise lumber must be sound. 

CULL. 

Shall include all grades not up to the standard of common and 
must be available one-half of its "Size without waste, 

POPLAB STRIPS. 

Shall be 4 and 6 inches wide and known as clear, second clear and 
common. Clear shall be free of all defects. Second clear may have 
bright eap, but free of other defects. Common shall contain from 
1 to 4 standard knots and slight amount of discolored sap. 

GRADES OF MANUFACTURED LUMBER. 

Beveled Siding — Worked to 5% inches wide. 

firsts and Seconds — 1 inch sap or 1 small knot admitted on 
thin edge, but no other defect ; selects— sound sap no defect; com- 
mon — may contain not to exceed 3 standard knots or pin holes, sap 
no defect.' 

Ceiling and Patent Siding— Fiveti and seconds; one clear 
yellow face; selects— sound sap no defect; common — not to exceed 
3 standard knots. 

Casing and ^ase— Same as ceiling. 

Flooring —To be worked 3H and 534 inches wide ; firsts and sec- 
onds, one clear yellow face ; selects— sound sap no defect ; common 
— 4 or more standard knots, sap no defect. 

Moldings — Sap no defect. 

All worked material to be sold count measure, 



QUEBEC CULLING. 



STANDAKD WEIGHTS. 

Hough dry inch lumber ; 2800 pounds per 1000 feet. 

Dressed lumber, per 1000 feet, board measure : Lumber, one inch 
and over, 2250 pounds; Bevel siding, 900 pounds; %-inch ceiling, 
BOO pounds ; y^ inch ceiling, 1250 pounds ; %-inch ceiling 1500 pounds 
%-inch ceiling, 2000 pounds. 



QUEBEC CULLING. 

Extracts from the Culler's Act, giving Rules for the Me&suPement of 
Timber, Masts, Spars, Daals, Staves, Etc., Etc. 



All culling in Quebec must be done under the specification of an act of 
tiae Proviucial Parliament, from which we extract the following salient 
points : 

All square timber must be measured by one of three modes. 

First. — Measured off in the raft or otherwise, giving the full cubical 
coutents without allowance or deduction. 

Second. — ^Measured in shipping order (which shall mean sound, fairly 
made timber) ; gum seams closed at the butt, and sound knots not be be 
be considered unsoundness — lengths under the merchantable standard 
hereinafter mentioned, and not less than twelve feet long to be received 
if, in the opinion of the Culler, the same be fit for shipment. 

Third. — Culled and measured in a merchantable state, in accordance 
with the rules, standards and limitations hereinafter described. (8 Vic, 
cap. 49, sec. 9.) 

In measuring timber the Culler employed for that purpose shall meas- 
ure the length of each piece, together vrith the girth, and shall provide 
himself v/ith a measuring rod and tape, which shall, in all cases, be 
English measure, tested and compared with a standard kept in the office 
of the Supervisor (such rod having a hook at the end five-eighths of an 
inch long) ; and also a scribing knife, with which he shall mark in legible 
characters, the length, breadth and thickness of all square timber meas- 
ured or cuUed by him, and the mark, initials or number of the party, if 
required. And every Culler shall provide himself with a proper stamp, 
with the initials of his name in legible characters, and with the following 
capital letters in addition : 

M, which shall denote what is merchantable. 

U, which shall denote what is sound and oi merchantable quality, but 
under merchantable size. 



54 QUEBEC CULLING. 



S, which shall denote what is second quality. 

T, shall denote what is third quality. 

R, shall denote what is rejected or unmerchantable; which marks shall 
be indented or stamped on the end of each article of lumber cuUed, in 
terms of merchantable standard hereinafter described, except "West India 
and barrel staves, boards, lath wood and handspikes. 

In all cases the Supervisor and Cullers shall be governed by the follow- 
ing descriptions, rules, standards and limitations, in ascertaining and cer- 
tifying the merchantable size and quality of lumber submitted to their 
culling. 

SQUARE WHITE OAK TIMBER. 

First Quality, — ShaU be free from rot, rotten knots, (affecting the 
surrounding wood), open rings and large grub or worm-holes; but small 
worm-holes and shakes shall be allowed, according to the judgment of 
the Culler. 

Secooid Quality. — Shall be oak not coming -within the definition of 
first quality j. and which in the judgment of the Culler is not culls. 

SQUARE HARD GRAY OR ROCK ELM. 

ShaU be free from rots, open rings and rotten knots, (affecting the sur- 
rounding wood) ; but shakes and slivers shall be allowed according to the 
judgment of the Culler. 

WHITE, RED OR YELLOW PINE TIMBER. 

ShaU be free from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), 
worm-holes, open shakes and open rings; but sound knots shaU be al- 
lowed, according to the judgment of the CuUer. 

SQUARE RED PINE TIMBER. 
ShaU be free from rots, rotten ^nots, (affecting the surrounding wood), 
worm-holes, shakes and splits ; but sound knots shaU be allowed accord- 
ing to the judgment of the Culler. 

SQUARE ASH, BASSWOOD AND BUTTERNUT. 
ShaU be of the same quaUty as White or Yellow Pine square timber. 

SQUARE BIRCH. 
Shall be free from rot, rotten knots, spUts and shakes and shaU be al- 
lowed two inches of wane. 

MASTS, BOWSPRITS AND RED PINE SPARS. 

Shall be sound, free from bad knots, rents and shakes, and the heart- 
wood shall be visible ia spots at or near the partaers. 



QUEBEC CIJLLIKQ. 65 



HICKORY HANDSPIKES. 



Shall be six feet long, and three and a half inches square at the small 
end. 

ASH OARS. 

Shall be three inches square on loin, and five inches broad on the blade. 
The blade shall be one-third of the length of the oar; and such oars shall 
be cleft straight on all sides, and free from large knots, splits and shakes. 

LATH WOOD. 

Shall be cut in lengths of from three to six feet, and measured by the 
cord of eight feet in length, by four feet in height. To be merchantable 
shall be free from rot, and split freely ; each billet may contain to the ex- 
tent of three or four open case knots, provided they run in line, or nearly 
so ; and it shall not have more than one twist. 

PINE OR FIR BOARDS. 

Shall not be less than ten feet in length, nor less than one inch in thick- 
ness, nor less than seven inches in breadth, equally broad from end to 
end, edged with a saw, or neatly trimmed by a straight Mne, and shall be 
free from rot, bad knots, rents and shakes, and of equal thickness on both 
edges from end to end; but the color alone of any board shall not be 
sufficient cause for its rejection, if it is in other respects sound and mer- 
chantable, and of the dimensions reqixired by this Act. 

WHITE OR YELLOW PINE DEALS. 

First Quality.— To be merchantable. Shall be free from rot, rotten 
knots, grub worm-holes, open case knots, shakes and splits (a slight sun 
crack excepted) ; and sound knots and hard black knots to be allowed as 
follows : If not exceeding three in number, and not exceeding upon the 
average one inch and a quarter in diameter; if exceeding three and not 
exceeding six in number, and upon an average not exceeding three-quar- 
ters of an inch in diameter; this proportion of knots to be allowed for a 
deal eleven inches in width and twelve feet in length ; and deals of greater 
or less dimensions to be allowed for in proportion, according to the judg- 
ment of the Culler. Wane equal to half an inch on one side if running 
the whole length of the deal to be allowed; and if not exceeding half the 
length of each deal, three-quarters of an inch to be allowed; they shall 
be free from black or dead sap (with a slight exception), at the discretion 
of the Culler. 

WHITE OR YELLOW PINE SECOND QUALITY DEALS. 
Second Quality, —^h&ll be free from rot, rotten knots and splits, with 



S6 QUEBEC CULLING. 



sliglit exceptions at the discretion of the Culler; and sound knots and 
hard black knots to be allowed as follows : If not exceeding six in num- 
ber, and not exceeding upon the average one inch and a half in diameter; 
if exceeding six, and not exceeding twelve in number, and not exceeding 
upon the average one inch and one-quarter in diameter (small knots un- 
der half an inch in diameter not to be counted or considered), this pi-o- 
portion of knots to be allowed for a deal eleven inches wide and twelve 
feet in length, and deals of greater or less dimensions to be allowed for in 
proportion, according to the judgment of the Culler; heart, shakes and 
8un cracks not exceeding three-fourths of an inch in depth to be allowed, 
as also worm-holes, at the judgment of the Culler; wane of half an inch 
to one inch to be allowed, according to the quality of the deal; in other 
respects at the judgment of the Culler. Deals rejected as not coming 
within the standard of merchantable, or second quality, shall be classed 
as culls, except that the Culler may, if requested by buyer and seller, 
select and classify as Third QuaUty the best of the deals so rejected, 

RED PINE DEALS. 

To be merchantable shall be free from rot, rotten knots, grub worm- 
holes, open case knots and splits; several small sound knots to be allowed, 
according to the judgment of the Culler; heart shake to be allowed, if 
it does not run far into the deal, or form a split tliroixgh at the ends ; they 
shall be free (or nearly so) from black or dead sap; biat sound sap in the 
corners or on a portion of one face of a deal to be allowed, according to 
the judgment of the Culler. 

SPRUCE DEALS. 

To be merchantable shaU be free from rot, rotten knots, grub worm- 
holes, open case knots, splits and shakes (a heart shake, not exceeding 
one-fourth of an inch in depth, excepted) ; several small sound knots and 
hard black knots to be allowed, according to the judgment of the Culler, 
and in the exercise of such judgment, he shall keep in view the peculiar 
nature of the wood, and govern his judgment accordingly; wane equal 
to half an inch on one edge, if running the whole length of the deal, to 
be allowed; and if not exceeding one-quarter the length of such deal, 
three-quarters of an inch to be allowed. 

SPRUCE AND RED PINE DEALS. 

Second. Quality, — Shall be deals not coming within the definition of 
merchantable, and which, in the opinion and judgment of the Culler, are 
not culls, and shall be classed as second quahty; and the Culler, if re- 
quired by seller and buyer, may select and classify as Thire Qitalitx 
the best of the deals unfit to be Seconds. 



QUEBEC CTJLLrNG. B7 



QUEBEC STANDARD HUNDRED OF DEALS. 

Shall be one hundred pieces, twelve feet long, eleven inches wide, and 
two and one-half inches thick; and deals of all other dimensions shall be 
computed according to said standard. Deals of all qualities shall not be 
less than eight feet long, seven inches broad and two and a half inches 
thick. 

Deal ends shall not be less than six feet long; lengths should never fall 
short of full feet, or be more than two inches over length, and shall be 
computed according to the Quebec standard. 

MERCHANTABLE DEALS. 

Must be well sawed (this point must have especial attention), and 
squared at the end with a saw; and the color alone shall be no objection 
to their being merchantable. All deals when culled shall in all cases be 
stamped with the initials of the Culler, and the capital letter denoting 
their quality as such. 

PROVISO AS TO SPRUCE DEALS. 

Provided always that spruce deals, if not sawed at ends prior to or at 
the time of culling, shall be marked with the capital letter denoting their 
rejpective qualities, with red chalk, in large, bold letters. 

HOW OTHER DEALS SHALL BE MADE, 

To prevent mistakes in piling, all other deals shall be marked with bold 
strokes, in red chalk, as follows : 
Merchantable shall be mai'ked I. 
Second quality shall be marked U. 
Third quality (if made) shall be marked HI. 
Rejected, or culls, shall be marked X. 

DIMENSION OF STAVES. 

Standard or measurement staves shall be of the dimensions set forth 
in the words and figures following : 

5^2 feet long. 5 inches bi'oad, and from 1 to 8 inches thick. 
4'.^ " " 4^,^ " " " ito;^ " 

;]i.^ " " 4 " " " 1 to 3 " 

21^ " " 5 " " " 1 to 3 " 

HEART STAVES. 

Five and a half feet long, and four and a half inches broad, to be re- 
c "ved as if of merchantable dimensions. 

STANDARD MILLE. 

^hall be twelve hundred pieces of five and a half feet long, five iuelieg 



58 QUEBEC CULLING. 



broad and one and a half inches thick; and standard or measurement 
staA'es of other dimensions shall be reduced to the said standard by the 
tables of calculation in use. 

WEST INDIA OR PUNCHEON STAVES. 

Shall be three and a half feet long, four inches broad and three-fourths 
of an inch thick; all staves shall be straight-grained timber, properly 
split, with straight edges, free from grub or large worm holes, knots, 
veins, shakes and splinters ; and small worm holes, not exceeding three 
in number, to be allowed, accorjling to the judgment of the Culler, pro- 
vided there are no veins running from or connected therewith ; and the 
Culler shall measure the length, breadth and thickness of standard staves, 
at the shortest, narrowest and thinnest parts; and the thickness of West 
India and barrel staves exceeding the standard breadth to be measured at 
such breadth, to wit: four, and three and a half inches, respectively, pro- 
vided the thinnest edge is not less than half an inch. 

TIMBER. 

The dimensions of merchantable timber shall be as set forth in the fol- 
lowing words and figures: 

OAK TIMBER. 

Shall not be less than twenty feet in length, or less than ten inches 
square in the middle. 

ELM. 

Shall not be less than twenty feet in length, or less than ten inches 
square in the middle. 

WHITE PINE. 

Shall not be less than twenty feet in length, and twelve inches square in 
the middle, and fifteen feet and upward in length, if sixteen inches and 
upward in the middle. 

RED PINE. 

Shall not be less than twenty-five feet in length, and ten inches square 
in the middle, and twenty feet and upward in length, if twelve inches 
square and upward in the middle. 

BIRCH. 

Shall not be less than six feet long, or less than twelve inches square in 
the middle. 

TAPER OP MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. 

Oak, three inches under thirty feet, and in proportion for any greater 
length ; elm, two inches ; white pine, one and a half inches ; red pine, two 



QUEBEC CULLING. 59 



incites; ash, one and a half inches; basswood, one and a half inches; 
biitternut, one and a half inches. Bends or twists not to exceed one in 
number. 

HOLLOWS ALLOWED. 

Oak, three inches for every twenty feet ia length, and in proportion for 
any greater length; elm, three inches; white pine, two and a half inches; 
red pine, three inches; ash, two and a half inches; basswood, two and a 
half inches ; butternut, two and a half inches. 

DIMENSIONS OF WHITE PINE MASTS, BOWSPRITS AND 
RED PINE SPARS. 

White Pine Masts, twenty-three inches and upward at partners, shall 
be three feet in length to each inch in diameter; twenty-two inches, three 
feet, and three feet extreme length ; twenty-one inches and under, three 
feet, and three feet extreme length ; twenty inches and under, three feet, 
and four feet extreme length. Hollow or bend not to exceed six inches 
for seventy feet, and in proportion for any greater length. 

BOW SPRITS. 

Shall be two feet in length for every inch in diameter at the partners, 
adding two feet for extreme length. 

RED PINE SPARS. 

Shall be three feet to the inch in diameter at the partners, and nine feet 
extreme length ; hollow not to exceed seven inches for sixty feet, and in 
proportion for any greater length. 

RE-DRESSING. 

In all cases where it appears that timber, masts, spars, boards, planks, 
deals, staves, oars or any other description of lumber, are not properly 
hewed, squared, butted or edged, but are merchantable in other respects, 
and sold as such, the Supervisor and Culler, respectively, shall order or 
cause the same to be properly dressed and chopped, at the expense of the 
buyer or seller, as the case may be, previously to their being respectively 
received and certified to be merchantable, such dressing and chopping to 
be done under the dir Action of the Culler in charge of the measuring or 
culling. 



60 MINNEArOLIS INSPECTION. 



MINNEAPOLIS INSPECTION- 



At a meeting of the Lumberman''s Board of Trade, held May 25, 1873, 
the plan for securing uniformity in the sorting of lumber was fully in- 
augurated, and the grades as nearly determined upon as it is possible to 
define them by any set of Avords. Entire harmony of opinion exists 
among the manufacturers of the city as to the uselessness of some of the 
grades or kinds which have been put upon the market, and it was unan- 
imously resolved to decrease the number of kinds by striking out several. 
The committee appointed for the purpose, after fully considering the 
matter, reported the following list aid description of grades: 

First Clear.^ShSiU. be not less than twelve inches wide and twelve 
feet long; shall be free from all imperfections, with no sap, except where 
over fourteen inches wide; then allow not over one inch on one side. 

Second Clear, — Shall be not less than ten inches v/ide and twelve feet 
long; defects may be allowed, not to exceed two knots of three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter, or sap that will be equal to one inch on one side. If 
the width be sixteen inches or upwards, defects may be allowed equal to 
three knots of one inch in diameter, or sap equal to three inches the 
whole length. 

Third Clear. — Shall be not less than seven inches wide and twelve 
feet long; defects, equal to three knots one inch in diameter and sap one 
and one-half inch wide in boards to twelve inches; and from twelve to 
sixteen inches wide, knots of two inches in diameter and sap two inches 
on one side ; on boards (5ver sixteen inches, defects may be increased to 
knots equal to four inches, and to four incl es of sap. 

Clear StHps.—Shsdl be six inches wide and full one inch thick; will 
allow one inch of sap, but no other imperfections. 

First Flooring.— May be four, five or six inches wide ; allow one inch 
of sap and three small sound knots, but no other imperfections. These 
imperfections to apply to six inch flooring and to decrease according to 
width. 

Second Floorlng,-^Ssime as first, in width; allow six small knots, 
and sap equal to one and one-half in^h the whole length. 

Cornmon Flooring.— ^h-sll be four, five and six inches wide ; allow 
defects equal to eight small knots; sap or shake and split not to exceed 
two feet in length. 

First Siding, Dressed.— Allovf one inch sap on thin edge, but no 
otter imperfections. 



Minneapolis inspection. 61 

Second Siding, Dressed. — Allow one inch sap on either edge, and 
three small knots, but no other imperfections. 

Common. Siding, Dressed. — Allow sap and defects equal to eight 
small knots, and shake or split two feet in length. 

A Stock. — May be eight to twelve inches wide, twelve to sixteen feet 
long, and of a quality equal to Third Clear Boards. 

jB Stock, — Shall be eight, ten and twelve inches wide ; shall be sound 
and square edged ; allow from four to eight small, sound knots, or sap 
not to exceed four inches in width the whole length of the best side. 

C Stock. — Shall be eight, ten and twelve inches wide ; shall be sound 
and square edged. Will allow from eight to twelve sound knots, accord- 
ing to width, and will allow Norway. 

D Stock. — Shall be eight, ten and twelve inches wide, and of like 
quality with common boards. 

First Fencing.— ^hdll be four, five and six inches in width; shall be 
of good, sound character, free from imperfections that so weaken a piece 
that it cannot be used for substantial fencing purposes. 

Second ^encingr.— Defective and unsound lumber. 

Common Boards. — Shall be seven inches wide and upward, and eight 
feet long; of good, sound lumber, and free from large, loose knots, and 
well maunf actured ; will allow a little wane or a straight split, when 
otherwise sound and good. 

Common Dimesnion and Timber. — Shall be of sotind lumber and 
well manufactured; shall have no imperfections that will render it unfit 
for substantial building purposes. Some wane allowed. 

SheatJiing Boards. — Shall be boards that are unsound in quality, 
with loose knots, shakes, splits and worm eaten, but of sufficient good 
quality to make good roofing boards, and to be six inches wide and up- 
wards. 

A few yards make a grade called E Stock, in which case the D and C 
Stocks are made a little better than these rules call for. 



6t HADRWOOt) INSPECTION IN BALTIMORfi. 



HARDWOOD INSPECTION IN 
BALTIMORE. 



The following rules for the inspection of hardwood lumber were 
adopted by the lumber exchange of Baltimore : 

In the inspection of hardwood lumber it is essential that the in- 
spector use his best judgment, based upon the following rules laid 
down for his guidance : 

The standard knot must be a sound one, and not exceeding 1^ 
inches in diameter. 

Splits are to be considered as defects, and usually reduce the 
piece to a lower grade. 

Mill culls are never regarded as marketable, and any cull which 
will not work to the uae for which the size is applicable, without 
wasting more than one-half, is a mill cull. 

The standard lengths are 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15 per cent of 
10-foot lengths maj'' be allowed. 

In black walnut and cherry 10-foot is considered as standard, and 
15 per cent of 8-foot lengths may be admitted in the first and 
second grades. 

All badly manufactured lumber should be reduced in grade. 

■Newels must be inspected with a view of the adaptability of the 
piece for the intended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized 
for other purposes. They shall be cut outside of the heart to square 
the following sizes: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 inches when seasoned. 
The length must be 4 feet or the multiples thereof. 

All rotten, shivered and shaky ends shall be cut oS in measure- 
ment when the board or plank will make 8, 10, 12 or 14 feet long, 
clear of the bad end, and be graded in the gtade the part will make 
except culls, which shall be counted full in all cases. 

Face cracks in all cases will reduce one grade. If badly face 
cracked, so that one-half of the board or plank cannot be used 
without waste, then it shall not be counted. 

The inspector in all cases is to keep a separate tally of each size 
and quality. All .boards and plank to be measured and graded on 
the inferior side. 

The standard thickness shall be recognized as 1, 1J4, 154» 3, 2^4,*, 



HAKDWOOt) INSPECTION IN BALTIMORE. 6S 



4 and 5 inclieB in all classes of hardwoods, and in all cases the board 
or plank shall be full thickness, parallel in width, square edges and 
square ends. 

All tapering pieces of lumber to be measured one-third the dis- 
tance from the narrow end when 12 inches and over in width at the 
center and when less than 12 inches wide at the center, to be 
measured at the narrow end. 

Worm holes are to be considered one of the most serious defects 
in hardwood lumber. 

All inspectors inspecting hardwood under these rules, shall mark 
the quality upon the lumber so inspected, when required. 

Lumber inspectors are required to use due care in handling and 
marking lumber, so as not to interfere with the use of any part of 
the stock, by careless handling or marking. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

Walnut shall be inspected in three graies, firsts, seconds and 
culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 7 inches wide, and free from defects. 
At 10 inches wide will admit of defects equal to 2 inches of sap on 
the edges. Defects may increase with width, but not such as to 
cause waste when used for first-claes work. 

Seconds shall not be less than 6 inches wide, and at 6 inches may 
have one sound knot. Defects may increase proportionately with 
the width. Sap on the face side shall be measured out. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of seconds. 
Mill culls to be excluded from this grade. 

POPLAR OR WHITEWOOD. 

Inspection grades shall be known as firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 10 inches wide and at this width shall 
be free of all defects, at 12 inches wide, 2 inches of white sap, and at 
18 inches wide 4 inches of white sap shall be allowed— proportionate 
increase of sap to be allowed according to width. In lieu of the sap 
one standard knot shall be allowed for each 4 inches of sap. 

Seconds shall be not less than 6 inches wide, and clear up to 8 
inches. Over 8 inches may have two sound knots not exceeding 1 J4 
inches in diameter, and two inches of white sap. At 10 inches 
defects equal to 3 inches of white sap, or two sound knots 1^ 
inches in diameter. Defects may increase with width, but two- 
thirds of the entire piece must be suitable for manufacture of first- 
class work without waste. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes not up to standard of 
second grade. Lumber usually designated as mill culls is not in- 
cluded in this grade. 



HAKDWOOD INSPECTION IN BALTIMORE. 



In poplar marketable thicknesses shall be recognized as %, 1, IJi, 
IJ^j 2, 'ZYz, 3 and 4 inches; y^, U, 1^, 5 and 6 inches and up are 
classed as special sizes. 

When squared the sizes shall be Sxt^, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 
10x10, etc. All square stuff to be cut clear of the heart, clear in 
quality, and cut large enough to hold sizes when seasoned. 

Such as are not prime shall be graded as No. 2 or culls. 

ASH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 8 inches wide, and free from all 
defects. Sap shall not be considered a defect if bright and sound. 

Seconds shall be not less than 6 inches wide, and at 8 inches 
may have two standard knots. Defects may increase with the 
width. Must be free from heart, dry rot, dote and worm holes. 

Culls shall include all grades not up to the standard of seconds. 

OAK. 

Inspection same as ash, excepting timber, in which sound knots, 
and heart not showing on the outside, shall not be considered de- 
fects. 

Birch, beech, maple, elm and hickory, same inspection as ash. 

In first grade hickory, 6 inches in width and 8 feet in length shall 
be allowed. 

QUARTERED OAK. 

Quartered oak shall be inspected as firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts shall be 5 inches and over wide, and clear of all defects. 

Seconds shall be 4 Inches and over wide, and will allow one or 
two standard knots at 6 inches, or a little sound, bright sap. No 
other defects shall be allowed in this grade, but defects may increase 
with the width of the piece. 

Culls : All not up to the standard of seconds shall be graded as 
culls. 

CHERRY. 

Cherry shall be inspected in three grades. 

Firsts shall not be less than 6 inches wide, and free from defects. 
At 10 inches wide will admit of defects equal to 2 inches of sap on 
the edges. Defects may increase with the width, but not such as to 
cause waste when used for first-class work. Gum spots are excluded 
from this grade. 

Seconds must be 6 six inches and over wide ; will admit of two 
standard knots ; sap on the face side to be measured out. Defects 
may increase with the width in proportion. A small proportion of 
email gum spots will be allowed, but in no case shall they be of such 
a character or quantity as to seriously damage the piece. 



CINCINNATI HAHDWOOD INSPECTION. 65 

Culls shall include all not up to the standard of firsts and seconds. 

CHERRY, ASH AND WALNUT COUNTER TOPS 

Shall be 12 feet and over long, 17 inches and over wide, 1, 1J4, IH, 
and 2 inches thick, and must be clear of all defects. 

CHERRY, ASH AND WALNUT STRIPS, 

6 inches and under wide, when in separate lots, shall be counted 
as firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts shall have one face and two edges clear. Sap on face side 
of ash, when bright, to be counted. 

Seconds will admit of two standard knots or sap, which on face 
side of cherry and walnut shall be counted out. 

Culls: All not up to the standard of seconds shall be designated 
as culls. 

Cherry strips shall be 6 feet and over long. 



CINCINNATI HARDWOOD 
INSPECTION. 



Adopted by the Lumbermen's Exchange of the City of Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

In hardwood inspection the inspector should use his best judg- 
ment, based upon the general rules laid down for his guidance. He 
should inspect all boards and plank on the poorest side. The stand- 
ard knot is to be considered aa not to exceed 1}^ inches in diame- 
ter and of sound character. Splits are not to exceed the width of the 
piece in firsts, aid twice the length of the piece in seconds, and not 
more than 25 per cent can be split. 

All lumber shall be sawed thick enough to meet the required thick- 
ness when seasoned. 

All lumber must be sawed square edged, unless otherwise ordered, 
and boards or plank having bark or wane must be reduced one grade, 
and measured inside the bark or wane. 

AUboardsl inch and under in thickness shall be measured face 
measure. If sawed scant 1 inch, shall be reduced to next standard 
thickness. 

All badly manufactured lumber shall be classed as culls. No cull 
is considered as having a marketable value which will network one- 
half its size without waste. 

Tapering lumber shall be measured one-third its length from the 
narrow end. 



66 CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



Lumber eawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view 
to the adaptability of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases 
it cannot be utilized for other purposes. 

In the inspection of combined grades of firsts and seconds, an un-- 
due predominance of seconds should always be ascertained, as the 
purchaser is entitled to full average in quality. 

Combined firsts and seconds, as a grade, is understood to mean 65 
per cent firsts and 35 per cent seconds, unless otherwise stated 
hereinafter. 

Standard lengths are 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, but shorter than 10 feet 
does not come within the range of marketable, although sometimes 
admitted. 

In walnut and cherry, 10 per cent of 8-foot lengths may be admit- 
ted in firsts and seconds, and 6 feet long in lower grade. 

Mill culls are never recognized as marketable, and all culls which 
will not work without wasting more than one-half is a mill cull, and 
shall be so reported on certificates. 

Table legs, crib posts and chair legs should be cut outside the 
heart to insure the proper size; hearts in all varieties of lumber are 
excluded from all grades above culls. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square 
edge, and square ends. 

Thickness of hardwood shall be recognized 1, 1%, lYz, 2,2^, 3, 4, 
and 5 inches. 

Poplar or whitewood, marketable thickness, shall be %, %, 1, 1%,, 
"Wii 2, Wi.-, 3, and 4 inches. 

Worm holes are to be considered one of the most serious defects 
in lumber. 

Measurers and inspectors shall inspect each board or plank full 
face measure, and in no case shall a board or plank be cut in length 
or width to raise its grade. 

It shall be the duty of each measurer or inspector to ascertain the 
true and full contents of each and every piece of lumber or stick in 
each car or lot of lumber measured, and keep a correct piece tally 
of the same in a plain, legible account in a tally-book, and his cer- 
tificates of inspection must contain correct report of number of 
pieces in each grade, and the total number of feet in each grade, 
and the records of the general inspector, or any of his deputies, 
shall at all times be open to the inspection of members of this ex- 
change. 

All applications for inspection shall be made to the general in- 
spector, and all inspections made by his deputies shall be under his 
direction. 



CINCINNATI Hardwood inspection. 67 

He shall, by himself or his deputies, inspect and measure all lum- 
ber brought into this market for sale, when a request is made there- 
for by either the purchaser or seller, and he shall enforce all the 
rules of this exchange. 

If a measurer or inspector is guilty of, or connives at, a fraud or 
deceit in inspecting, marking, or numbering as to contents or 
quality of any kind of lumber, or if such inspector, when requebted 
by the owner or a dealer in lumber to inspect the same, refuses 
without good reasons to perform the duty, he shall forfeit for each 
offense not leas than $50 nor more than $100. 

If a seller oi purchaser of lumber, being a member of this ex- 
change, attempts to induce an inspector to make a false inspection, 
he shall for,feit for each offense not less than $50 nor more tnan 
$100. 

WALNUT. 
Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Eejeots and Culls. 

Firsts and Seconds may be combined in one grade, to be desig- 
nated firsts and seconds. 

The combined grades of firsts and seconds shall consist of 50 per 
cent of firsts and 50 per cent of^econds, unless otherwise stated. 

Standard lengths are 10, 12, 14, and 16 feet, admitting 10 per 
cent of 8 and 10-foot lengths. 

Eight feet lengths, 12 inches and wider, to be clear, and graded as 
firsts. 

Nine to 12 inches wide must be clear, and graded as seconds. 

Firsts, or Wo, 1 grade, shall be 8 inches and over in width, and 12 
feet and over in length. 

Eight or 11 inches wide must be clear on both sides and free from 
all defects. 

Twelve to 15 inches wide, 10 feet long, will admit of bright sap 
on one side, not exceeding 1 inch in width, and only on one edge, or 
one standard knot, showing only on one side,,' and must be close to 
the edge or end of the board. 

Sixteen to 20 inches wide and over will admit bright sap on one 
side, not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard knots, show- 
ing only on one side, and must be nea,r the edge or end of the board. 

Checks on ends shall be deemed a defect, and shall not exceed 12 
inches in length. 

Seconds, or No. 2 grade, are to be 6 inches and over in width, 10 
feet and over in length. 

Six and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 

Eight to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot, or equal de- 
fects. 



CIKCINNATI HARDWOOD JNSPfiCTlON. 



Eleven to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots, or equal 
defects. 

Sixteen inches and over wide will admit of three standard knots, 
or equal defects. 

In any width over 8 inches not more than one-fifth of the surface 
of one side shall be sappy, and the piece shall be without other de- 
fects. 

Both the above grades must be entirely free from wormy wood, 
worm holes, wind shakes, dote, or rot. 

Rejects are 4 inches and over in width, 8 feet and over in length. 

Four and 5 inches must be clear on both sides. 

Six to 7 inches wide must be clear on face. 

Over 7 inches wide shall include all lumber not equal, to a grade of 
seconds, but available at full three-fourths of its size for use with- 
out waste. 

Heart boards or planks not admitted ; small worm holes on one 
edge or end of board 8 inches and over wide, with no other defects, 
such as sap and knots, will be admitted. 

Culls shall include any width and all lumber not up to the standard 
of rejects, in which not less than one-half the piece is fit for use 
without waste. 

All other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

Marketable thickness shall be H, U, !> 13i, IVz, 2, 2^, 3 and 4 
inches. 

CHERRY AND SWEET GUM. 

Grades.— Same as Walnut. 
Gum spots on cherry shall be deemed a serious defect, and if ex- 
cessive shall lower the price one or two grades. 

POPLAR. — (white WOOD.) 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Common, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width. 

Ten to 13 inches wide shall be clear and sound. 

Thirteen to 15 inches wide will admit 1 inch of bright sap showing 
only on one side. 

Sixteen to 20 inches wide will admit 2 inches of bright sap showing 
only on one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width. 

Eight inches wide shall be clear. 

Nine to 12 inches wide will admit 3 inches of bright sap, or one 
standard knot. 

Thirteen to 15 inches wide will admit 3 inches of bright sap, or two 
standard knots. 



CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 69 

Sixteen to 20 inches wide will admit 4 inches of bright sap, or 
three standard knots. 

Common is to be 5 inches and over in width ; 5 and 6 inches wide 
shall be clear. 

Seven inches and over in width include all lumber not equal to the 
grade of seconds, two-thirds of each piece being merchantable, or 
will admit of one-third the surface discolored sap, or all bright sap 
boards, when otherwise free from defects. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of common, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 

OAK. — (plain.) 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width ; 10 to 12 inches shall 
be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot showing 
only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots 
showing only on one side ; live sap admitted on one side, not to ex- 
ceed one-tenth of the surface, if without other defects ; worm holes 
not admitted. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two 
standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit three standard 
knots ; live sap admitted on one side, not to exceed one-fifth of the 
surface, if without other defects. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated 
Bhall be classed as Mill Culls. 

QUARTERED OAK. 

Grades.— Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 10 inches and over in width will admit one standard knot 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. (Equal defect means sap 
or splits.) 

Seconds are to be 5 inches and over in width; 6 to 9 inches will ad- 
mit one standard knot, or sap 1^4 inches, or split 10 inches ; 10 inches 
and over in width will admit two standard knots, or 2 to 2i/4 inches 
sap, or split 12 inches ; 4 to 5 inches wide shall be clear on one side. 

Culls same as Walnut. (See Walnut Culls description.) 

CHESTNUT AND BUTTERNUT. 

Grades.— Same as Oak. 



70 CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 



HICKORY. 

Shall be classed as boards, plank and axles. 

Boards and plank shall be inspected as firsts and seconds in one 
grade, and must not be less than 4 inches wide ; four to 8 inches wide 
must be clear ; eight to 10 inches wide may have one standard knot, 
or a split not over 10 inches long. Ten to 12 inches may have two 
standard knots,oi' a split not over 12 inches long. Twelve to 18 inches 
may have three to four standard knots, owing to width of board, or 
splits not to exceed 12 inches at one or both ends. All boards 18 
inches and over may have four to five standard knots, or two splits 
not to exceed 12 inches long. Sap will be admitted in the above 
grade, but it must be bright, sound and free from defects. 

Culls shall include any width, and all lumber not up to the above 
grades of firsts and seconds, in which not less than one-half the 
piece will work without waste. 

Axles must be clear and of tough timber. 

WHITE AND BLACK ASH. 

White and black ash should be in lengths of 12, 14 and 16 feet. 
The usual thicknesses are 1, 1J4, li/4, 2, 2^4, 3, 314, 4 and 5 inches, 
and is inspected in the market as firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts must be not less than 8 inches wide, and free from all defects 
up to 10 inches ; when 12 inches and over wide, will admit of one or 
two small defects, and a split of not over 18 inches will be allowed. 
If over 18 inches will reduce lumber one grade, and if in each end 
will reduce it two grades. Sap is not considered a material injury 
if bright and in good condition. 

Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide ; at 6 inches must be 
free from all defects ; at 10 inches may have from one to three stand- 
ard sound knots. Defects may increase with width of board, must 
be free from heart, dry rot, dead or doty timber. Defective sawing 
will reduce a board or plank to the next grade below. 

Culls, any width or length, in which not less than one-half is fit 
for use without waste. 

MAPLE, BIRCH AND SYCAMORE. 
Grades— Same as ash. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION HULES. 71 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION 
RULES. 

Adopted by the Lumber Exchange, of Philadelphia, Pa, 



HARDWOOD. 

The question of grading and inspecting lumber is so much a mat- 
ter of judgment to the inspector as each piece comes before him, 
that no definite and positive rules can be laid down on paper by 
which any piece or any thousand feet can be inspected. 

The variety of defects and their location upon a piece, and their 
size, have such relations to each other that the inspector necessarily 
must depend upon his own judgment in grading, guided by the fol- 
lowing rules, so far as they will apply practically : — 

A standard knot is not to exceed 1J4 inches in diameter, and must 
be sound. 

Worm holes to be excluded in firsts and only admitted in seconds 
in quantities equal to defects hereinafter described in this quality. 

Large and loose knots grade the piece of lumber lower, as the 
judgment of the inspector thinks proper. 

Splits are not to exceed in length the width of the piece in firsts, 
and twice the length of the width of the piece in seconds, and not 
more than 25 per cent can be split. 

Shakes are not admitted in firsts and seconds. 

Tapering lumber shall be measured one-third of its length from 
the narrow end. 

Thickness.— All lumber must be sawed square edged and be full 
thickness when seasoned. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes, and dimension stock, must 
conform to the requirements of size and quality for the purposes in- 
tended, and be so inspected and measured. 

Culls are not marketable unless one-half the surface of the board 
is free from defects. 

Mill culls are not marketable except by special arrangement. 

Log run is understood to be the run of the unpicked logs, mill 
culls out. 

Combined firsts and seconds, as a grade, shall have 50 per cent of 
first qualit^y-j unless otherwise stated hereinafter. 



73 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION RULE;?. 

Standard lengths are to be 12, 14 and 16 feet, admitting 10 per cent 
of 8 and 10 feet lengths. 

Newels, from all kinds of timber, are to be cut outside the heart 
and to be clear, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches when seasoned, 
and to be in lengths of 4 feet or any multiple thereof. 

Balusters.— To be cut exactly square, of full size, and clear, and 
to be 75 per cent 36 inches long ; 25 per cent 32 inches long. 

WALNUT. 
Grades.— Firsts and Seconds, Eejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing 
only on one side ; 16 wide and over will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 8 to 10 inches will admit of one standard knot ; 11 to 
15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and 
over will admit of three standard knots. In any widths not more 
than one-fifth of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the piece 
shall be without other defect. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber 
not equal to the grade of good seconds, two-thirds of each piece be- 
ing clear. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good re- 
jects, half of each piece being clear. Other than as above stated 
shall be classed as Mill Culls. 

CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT. 
Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide 
shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot showing 
only on one side ; 15 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap on 
one side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 15 to 20 inches 
wide will admit of three standard knots. Gum spots in above 
grades not admitted except where very slight. In any widths not 
more than one-fifth of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the 
piece shall be without other defect, 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION BULES. 73 



Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width; 4 and 5 inches wide 
shall be clear or clear one side; 6 inches and over in width shall in- 
clude all lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, two-thirds 
of each piece being clear. 

CulU to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good rejects, 
one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Cm ??*.— Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 

Culls. 

Strijis,—?, to 7 inches wide shall be clear or clear faced ; the reverse 
side will admit of one-half sap or one defect. 

OAK. — (plain, WHITE OR RED.) 
Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of 
two standard knots, showing only on one side. Live sap admitted 
on one side, not to exceed 10 per cent of the surface, if without other 
defects. Must be entirely free from worm holes. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches are to 
be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 13 to 

15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and 
over will admit of three standard knots. Live sap admitted on one 
side, not to exceed 20 per cent of the surface, if without other de- 
fects. Worm holes are serious defects. 

Culls shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of good 
seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 
Mill Cit?te.— Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 

Culls. 

ASH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 
Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 

16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots. Live 
white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide 
and over will admit of three standard knots. Heart or doted boards 
and plank will not be admitted. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
one-half of each piece t)eing clear. 

Mill Culls— Other than as above stated shall be clagged as Mill 
Cplls, 



74 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION KULES. 



ELM. 

GradeB.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 
16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots. Live 
white sap allowed. Must be entirely free from worm holes. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; C and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 16 inches 
wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Live white sap 
allowed. Worm holes are serious defects. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good sec- 
onds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, — Other than as above stated shall be classed as Siiii 
Culls. 

MAPLE. — (hard and SOFT.) 
Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 
16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots. Live 
white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide 
and over will admit of three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. 
Heart or doted boards and plank will not be admitted. 

Culls are to include lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls,— Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 

Culls. 

MAPLE SQUARES. 

4 inches by 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound, and 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two standard knots; 14 and 16 feet 
lengths admit of three standard knots. Bright sap admitted when 
not exceeding 50 per cent of the surface. These defects are based 
on 6x6 squares, and are to bear the same on other sizes. 

Culls are to include all squares not equal to the grade of good 
seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls.— Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION BULES. V5 

QUARTERED OAK.— (SHALL BE FIGURED.) 

Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 10 inches and over in width will admit of one standard knot, 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide 
will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, or equal 
defect ; 10 inches and over in width will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only^'accepted by special agreement. 
Combined grade of firsts and seconds shall contain not less than 75 
per cent of firsts. 

POPLAR. — (WHITEWOOD.) 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Common. 

Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width ; 10 to 12 inches wide 
must be clear and sound; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one inch 
of bright sap showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will 
admit of two inches of bright sap showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of two inches of bright sap 
on one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 13 to 15 
inches wide will admit of three inches of bright sap on one side, or 
two standard knois showing only on one side; 16 inches and over 
wide will admit of four inches of bright sap on one side, or three 
standard knots showing only on one side. Stained sap considered 
a serious defect. 

Common, to be all lumber not equal to above grades, excluding 
Mill Culls. 

Mill Culls. — Other than as above stated to be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

POPLAR SQUARES 

4 inches by 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
all defects, sawed square, and full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks; 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two standard knots and two inches of 
bright sap on two corners ; 14 and 16 foot lengths admit of three 
standard knots and two inches of bright sap on two corners. These 
defects are based on 6x6 squares, and bear the same ratio in other 
sizes. 

Culls include all squares not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
o|j^-hjilf being clear, 



76 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION RULES. 

Mill Culls,— Other than above stated Bhall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

BIRCH AND BEECH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 inches wide 
shall -be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit of one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit of two 
standard knots, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 iuches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 15 to 20 inches 
wide will admit of three standard knots. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to grade of good rejects, 
half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, — Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

CHESTNUT. 
Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 15 inches wide 
shall be clear; 16 inches wide and over vail admit of one standard 
knot. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
will admit of one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of 
two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three 
standard knots. "Worm holes in above grades not admitted, except 
when in a bunch not larger than the standard knot or knots, as pro- 
vided for the width of board in which they appear. 

Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls.— Othev than as above described shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

GUM AND SYCAMORE. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 incihes wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing 
only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap 
on one side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard 
knots, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide 
and over will admit of three standard knots. In any widths, not 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION RULES. 77 

more fhan one-fifth, of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the 
piece shall be without other defect. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 inches wide 
shall be clear; 6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber 
not equal to the grade of good seconds, two-thirds of each piece 
being clear. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good re- 
jects, one-half of each piece being clear. 

Mill Culls, — Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Cuils. 

COTTONWOOD. 
Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 13 inches wide must be 
clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two inches of bright sap on 
one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 inches 
wide and over admit of three inches of bright sap on one side, or two 
standard knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide must 
be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of two inches of bright sap 
on one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 13 to 15 
inches will admit of three inches of bright sap on one side, or two 
standard knots showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over 
will admit of four inches of bright sap on one side, or three standard 
knots showing only on one side. 

Culls to be all the lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
one-half of each piece being clear. 

3Iill Cwi?«.— Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

BASSWOOD. 
Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall 
be clear of knots ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of two 
standard knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear of knots ; 8 to 12 inches will admit of one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two 
standard knots showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over 
will admit of three standard knots showing only on one side. 

Culls to include all the lumber not equal to the grade of good sec- 
onds, one-half the piece being clear. 

Mill Cu??s.— Other than above stated shall be classed as Mill 
CuUs, 



1^ ^IltLAl3ELt»ntA JKS^ECTtOlT RtTLfeS. 

QUARTERED SYCAMORE. — (SHALL BE FIGURED.) 

Same as Quartered Oak, except as to sap, all sap— culls. Grades. — 
Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 10 inches and over wide will admit of one standard knot 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide 
will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, or equal 
defect ; 10 inches and over in width will admit of two standard knots 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special agreement. 

HICKORY. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide or over will admit of two 
standard knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 inches shall be 
clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 
inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and 
over will admit of three standard knots. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, 
one-half of each piece being clear. 

3Iill Culls. — Other than above stated shall be classed as Mill 
Culls. 

SECOND GROWTH HICKORY. 

Sawed through and through and rough edged. Shall be measured 
inside the wane, and the average width of the face. 
WHITE PINE LUMBEK. 

First Clear shall not be less than 12 inches in width and 13 feet 
in length— must be perfect up to 14 inches— on that width sap shall 
be allowed equal to one inch, the whole length of the pi.^ce on one 
side, but the face must be perfect -over that width imperfections 
shall be allowed in proportion to the width based on the description 
of a 14-inch piece. 

Second Clear shall not be less than 11 inches in width and 12 feet 
in length — must be perfect up to 12 inches in width— at that width 
sap shall be allowed equal tn one inch, the whole length of the piece 
on one side— over that width i nperfections shall be a lowed in pro- 
portion to the width base J on th3 description of a 1 3 inch jnoce. 

Third Clear shall not be les? than 10 inches in width and 12 feet 
in length— must be perfect up to 11 inches in width — at that width 



PitlLADfiLPSiA iKSPfiCriON tlULES 1^ 

sap sliall be allowed equal to one inch, fae whole length of the piece 
on one side— over that width imperfections shall be allowed in pro- 
portion to the width based on the description of an 11-inch piece. 

Selects shall not be less than 9 inches in width and 12 feet in 
length — must be perfect up to 10 inches in width— at that width sap 
shall be allowed equal to one inch in width on both edges on one 
side — over that width imperfections shall be allowed in proportion 
to the width based on the description of a 10-inch piece. 

Fine Common shall not be less than 8 inches in width and 13 feet 
in length— at that width shall have one clear face — 9 inches and over in 
width shall admit of some knots, and less sap in proportion to 
the width. This grade makes good one side lumber, and in general 
knots shall be allowed, so that this grade is not injured for finishing 
purposes. 

No. 1 Shelving shall be 12 inches and over in width and not less 
than 12 feet in length, with clear edges and a few small tight knots. 

No. 2 Shelving or Dressing shall be 10 inches and over in width 
and not less than 12 feet in length — with clear edges and medium 
sized sound knots. 

No. 1 Cuts shall be 9 inches and over in width, with 73 per cent of 
good lumber in the piece. 

No. 2 Cuts shall be 8 inches and over in width, with about 60 per 
cent of good lumber in the piece — this grade will admit of some 
shake. 

No. 1 Molding shall be 6 inches and over in width and not less 
than 12 feet in length, straight grained, with one clear heart face — will 
admit of slight discoloration of sap on the back. 

No. 2 Molding when under 6 inches in width, shall have one clear 
heart face — when 6 inches and over in width, will admit of a few 
small sound knots or sap on face, not over one-third the width of the 
piece. 

Case Boards shall be 16 inches and over in width and not less than 
?2 feet in length— free from split, rot, shake and loose knots. 

Barn Quality shall be 8 inches and over in width and not less 
than 12 feet in length — free from split, rot, shake, and unsound knots. 

It is understood that all the above grades shall be full thickness 
and well manufactured. 

Culls shall be 6 inches and over in width, of a generally unsound 
character, and when the imperfections are too great for the ordinary 
purposes of barn quality. 

Mill Culls»—M\ lumber below culls, not actually worthless. 



80 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION UlTLES. 



DRESSED LUMBER. 

Six-ineh Clear Fencing shall not be less than 12 feet in length, 
% of an inch in thickness and h% inch face, and shall be perfect. 

Six-inch Xo. 1 Fencing shall be of the same dimensions as clear 
fencing, and will admit of one small knot, or sap ^ inch in width 
the fail length of the piece, with perfect face. 

Six-inch No. 2 Fencing shall be of the same dimensions as clear 
fencing, and admit of a few small, sound knots, with sap one inch 
the full length of the piece on one side — if fewer knots, more sap is 
allowed. 

Six- Inch No. 3 Fencing shall be of the same dimensions as clear 
fencing, free from rot, or large, unsound knots; slight shakes will 
be admitted if without other imperfections. 

Six-inch No. 4 Fencing shall be of the same dimensions as clear 
fencing— rougher than No. 3 grade, but not so unsound that it can- 
not be used for its intended purpose. 

Promiscuous Width Fencing. — In promiscuous fencing the 
quality shall be the same as above grades, and the face shall be the 
full width represented. 

GERMAN SIDING, BASE BOARDS, CEILING (OR ONE SIDE 
fencing) and FLOORING. 

Six-ineh Clear shall not be less than 12 feet in length, Ji inch in 
thickness, and h%, inches in width — and shall be perfect on the 
face. 

Six-inch No, 1 shall be the same dimensions as clear, and will 
admit of one small knot, or sap % inch in width the full length of 
the piece on the face. 

Six-inch No. 2 shall be of the same dimensions as clear, and will 
admit of a few small, light knots, and one inch of sap the full length 
of the piece. If less knots, more sap is allowed in proportion. 

Six-inch No. 3 shall be of the same dimensions as clear, and 
shall be free from shake, rot or large, unsound knots. 

BEVEL SIDING. 

Clear shall not be less than 12 feet in length and o% inches in width, 
and must be perfect on face side. 

No. 1 shall be the same dimensions as clear, and will admit of one 
email knot, or one-half inch of bright sap the full length of the 
piece on face side. 

No. 2 shall be the same dimensions as clear, and will admit of two 
or three small knots, or one inch of bright sap the full length of the 
piece on face side. 



tlilLADELPHiA INSPECTION EtTLES. 81 



No. 3 shall be the same dimensions as clear, and will admit of four 
or live small knots, or two inches of bright sap the full length of the 
piece on face side. 

ISTo. 4 shall be the same dimensions as clear, and will admit of 
larger knots than the No. 3 grade— will also allow fine shake. 

PLASTERING LATH. 
No. 1 shall be 4 feet in length, not less than % of an Inch in thick- 
ness, 1% inches in width, free from rot, wane or worm holes. 

WHITE PINE SCANTLING. 
Shall be from 2x3 to 8x8 in dimensions, well manufactured, and 
Bhall be principally 16 feet long; quality shall be small sound knots. 

WHITE PINE TIMBER. 

Shall be square edges, straight grained, free from large or loose 
knots, or other imperfections that will materially injure the strength 
of the piece. 

WHITE PINE PALES. 

No. 1 shall be clear of knots, wane, and black sap, not less than % 
of an inch in thickness, and ^Vz inches in width. 

No* fi shall be the same dimensions as No. 1, and will admit of sap 
and sound knots. 

SPEUCE. 

Grades. — Merchantable and culls. Merchantable boards shall be 
free from shakes and loose or unsound knots. All shaky boards 
with loose and unsound knots shall be inspected as culls. 

MercJianfable Scantling, plank and joists shall also,be sound in 
character and free from cross grain that will affect the strength of 
the piece, and will admit of wane not to exceed one-quarter the 
length of the piece and one-third the thickness on one edge. A cull 
shall be a piece not included in the merchantable. 

Pickets shall be either 4, 4^4 or 5 feet in length, \, % or 1 inch 
thick, and 3 inches in width. 

PlasteHng Lath shall be sound and well manufactured, and stand- 
ard size; shall be 4 feet in length and l%x5-16 inches, and 100 in a 

bundle. 

HEMLOCK. 

The inspection of hemlock shall be as follows : 

Boards and shingles shall consist of three grades— mill culls, culls 
and good. 

A Mill Cull shall consist of a board that is rotten, very badly 
shaken, that contains the shape but not the substance, which is not 
altogether worthless, but is used for some certain purposes, at a low 
price. 



83 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION BULES. 

A Cull Board shall consist of a board having a few loose knots or 
knot holes, not over size of 50-cent piece, or shaken equal to one-half 
the board, or streaky rots, or split half the length of the board. 

Good shall consist of all boards better than culls. 

All boards above mill culls shall be known as log run, mill culls 
out, and all boards above culls shall be known as log run, culls oiit. 

Scantling shall consist of 2x3, 2x4 and 3x4, and shall be of two 
grades — good and culls. 

A Good Piece shall be well manufactured, may admit of wane one- 
quarter (%) the length of the pieces one-half the thickness on one 
edge, except 2x3, which must be square to the end, with balance 
otherwise good, and no other defects that would materially injure the 
strength of the piece. 

A Ctill shall be a piece which is not included in the good. 

tToists shall consist of two grades — culls and good. 

Cull tToists shall consist of all pieces that are doted, badly shaken, 
very cross-grained, and such as are warped out of shape, provided 
that large knots or that one or two straight splits in either end of the 
joist shall not be construed to make it a cull, unless it reduces the 
strength of the piece. Wanes shall not condemn a piece unless 
over two-thirds (%) the length and and one-half (Yz) the thickness of 
piece. 

Good. tToists shall be well-manufactured, and shall consist of all 
pieces above culls. 

Shingling, Lath, Pickets and Pales shall be well made, par- 
allel widths, and sawed from sound timber. 

Plastering Iiath shall be well-manufactured, from sound timber, 
and standard size shall be 1^4 inch x5-16, and three or four feet long, 

JBill Ltiniber shall consist of sizes thicker than three inches, and 
shall be well manufactured, of full size, as designated in the bill, and 
the inspection shall be the same as for good joists, except that no 
wane be allowed that will destroy the strength of the piece. 
YELLOW PINE. 

All lumber of merchantable quality must be sound, square-edged 
and square-butted, 12-feet and over in length. Scantling to average 
25 feet in length, unless otherwise ordered. And all to be well 
manufactured, and full to size. 

Merchantable Edge Boards.— MwBt be either 1 or lJ4-inch thick. 
3-inch and over in width, free from loose or unsound knots or knots 
overlJi-inchin diameter; also free from rot, shake, turpentine de- 
posit, or worm holes, and one face free from discolored sap that 
will not plane off bright when worked in flooring. If sawed tapering 
to be measured at narrowest part. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION RULES. 83 

Common, Edfje JBoarde,— All rough, thin and stained boards, not 
npto the grade of merchantable, shall be called common, and must 
be 10 feet and over in length, and either full ?£, 1 or 114-inch 
thick, and better than a worthless or mill cull board. 

No. 1 Heart Face Boards.— M.VL&t be 1 or 1^-inch thick, 3 inches 
and over w^ide, and free from knots and all other imperfections on the 
face side, and sound on the opposite side. 

No. 2 Heart Face Boards.— MnBt be 1 or l^-iiich thick, 3 inches 
and over in vpidth, and free from rot, shake, and unsound or loose 
knots. On boards under 6 inches wide, bright sap shall be allowed on 
the face or best side of J/^-inch on one edge. Boards 6 inches and over 
wide, may have bright sap on both edges of the face side not to ex- 
ceed 14-inch in width. Knots shall be allowed on the heart face 
side, viz.: On boards 6 inches and under wide and 16 feet long and 
under, one knot of not over 1-inch in diameter ; over 16 feet long, and 
same width, 2 knots of same description. Boards over 6 inches wide 
and 18 feet long and under, 3 knots not over Yz-mch in diameter, and 
same, over Iti feet long, number of knots may increase in proportion 
as the length of the board increases. 

All boards not up to grade of No. 1 or No. 2 heart face, shall be in- 
spected as " Merchantable" and "Common " edge boards. 

ITert.r*.— All boards shall be manufactured parallel widths, and so 
counted. 

No. 1 Step Boards and Plank.—M.xxBt be either 1, 154, ^M or 2 
inches thick, and 10!?4 to 14 inches wide, (80 per cent 12 inches and 
over). One face and one edge entirely free from all imperfections and 
sound on opposite face. 

No. 2 Step Heart Boards and PianA;.— Must be 1, IJ4, li/^ or 2 
inches thick, allowing 14 -inch of sap on one corner of the face side, 
and one knot not exceeding 1-inch in diameter to every 4 feet in 
length. To be free from rot, shake and split same widths as No. 1. 

In the measurement of side and edge boards, heart face boards, 
and step boards and plank, the fraction of a foot in contents shall 
not be counted, and in heart face boards, they shall be counted whole 
and half inches only in width, viz. : 3, Sy^, 4, 414, 5, hy^, etc. 

Merchantable Plank.— lli, 1%, and 2 inches thick, 6 inches and 
over in width. Plank 10 inches and under in width, shall show one 
heart face and two-thirds heart the entire length on the opposite face. 
Over 10 inches wide, 1-inch of sap shall be allowed on each corner of 
heart free for not exceeding 4 feet i a length. The other side shall 
show not less than one-half heart the entire length. Lumber to b© 



84 PHILADELPaiA INSPECTION RULES. 

sound, and free from knots more than 2 inches in diameter ; also 
free from rot and through shake or splits which are over 4 feet in 
length. 

Merchantable Scantling,— BiizQS 2x3 and over. All sizes from 
2x3 to 6x8, viz. : 2x3 and 4, 3x4 to 8, 4x4 to 8, 5x5 to 8 and 6x6 to 8 shall 
show three corners heart, and sizes 5x5 and under to have no knots 
over li4-iiich in diameter. Over 5x5 up to 6x8, knots not exceeding 
2 inches in diameter. All sizes from 3x8, 4x8, 5x8 and 6x8 and over 
up to 14 inches, to be inspected the same as lumber designated as 
plank. 

Square Sizes, viz. : 7x7, 8x8, 9x9. Sap shall be allowed on all cor- 
ners, but not to exceed 114-inch on any one corner. Other square 
sizes, 10x10 and over shall show two-thirds heart on all sides. Other 
sizes over 8x8,where the width exceeds the thickness, viz. : 8x10, 8x12, 
10x12, etc., shall show at least two-thirds heart on widest face and 
show heart the entire length on the narrow face. 

All merchantable scantling shall be free from through or round 
shake, rot or knots that impair the strength of the piece. 

Any piece of scantling or plank not up to size intended, shall be 
counted as next lower size or thickness, and all such lumber not up 
to the grade of merchantable, shall be counted and kept separate, 
and held subject to order of seller on payment of all expenses in- 
curred on said lumber, unless price is mutually agreed upon at time 
of purchase. 

In scantling, fractions of a foot in length shall not be counted ex- 
cept when ordered to be specified lengths, in feet and inches. 
VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA LUMBER. 

Adopted by the Lumbermen's Exchange of Philadelphia for adop- 
tion. 

All lumber of merchantable quality must be sound, square edged, 
and parallel widths, 12 feet and over in length, and all to be well 
manufactured and full to size. 

No. 1.— Sap Flooring Quality, shall be 1, 1)^ or 114 inches in thick- 
ness, 6 inches and over in width, clear of sap stain, and other imper- 
fections on face side, and sound on the opposite side. 

No. A?. —Sap Flooring Quality, shall be 1, 1 J4 or IV2 inches in thick- 
ness, 3 inches and over in width, shall be perfect on the face side up 
to 6 inches in width; 6 inches and over shall admit of a few sound 
knots and slight discoloration from stain, and sound on the oppo- 
site side. 

Sap Pine, Rough Qualitif, shall be 1, 1J4 or 1^4 inches in thick- 
ness, 3 inches and over in width, and shall include all boards whiclt 
are sound in quality and not specified in above grades. 



PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION RULES. 85 

All BoardsleBB than 1 inch and not less than %-mch in thickness* 
in No. 1 and No. 2 flooring quality, shall be counted as rough. The 
same thickness in rough shall be counted as thin. 

JVo. 1.— Heart Step Boards and Plank, shall be 1 and 1J4 inches in 
thickness, 10^2 inches and over in width, and 1% and 2 iuches in 
thickness, 12 inches and over in width. One face and one edge must 
be perfect, and sound on the opposite side. 

No. ,^.— Heart Step Boards and Plank, shall be the same dimen- 
sions as No. 1, and will admit of one inch of sap on one edge of fac3 
side and one sound, tight knot— not exceeding 1 inch in diameter, to 
every four feet in length. Free from rot, shake, split and turpen- 
tine deposit. 

Heart Flooring Grade, shall be 1, 1J£, I14 and 2 inches in thick- 
ness, and shall consist of all boards and plank equal in quality to 
No. 1 stepping, and less than 10^4 inches in width, over that width 
and over will admit of a few small knots or 1 inch of sap on each 
edge. 

Hough Heart, shall be 1, 1^, 1^ and 2 inches in thickness and of 
same grade as specified in rough quality sap pine. 

All boards and plank below the grades above specified shall be in- 
spected as culls. 

North Carolina and Virginia Heart Scantling and Plank, from 3x4 
to 3x12, and 4x4 to 4x12, shall be heart on face side and M heart on 
opposite side, and will admit of sound knots that will not impair the 
strength of the piece ; 5x5 and upward will admit of 1 inch of sap 
on each corner and of sound quality. All the above sizes shall be 
free from through or round shake, rot, or unsound knots. 

All Scantling and Plank inferior to above quality shall be counted 
as culls. 

Any piece of Scantling or Plank, not up to size intended shall be 
counted as the next lower size or thickness. 



&3 LOUISVILLE HAHDWOOD INSPECTION RULES. 



LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD IN- 
SPECTION RULES. 

Adopted by the Lumberman's Exchange of Louisville, Ky. 



[It should be remembered that, except as to merely local trade, all 
local inspections of poplar, in the poplar producing districts, were in- 
tended to be superseded by the rules of the Poplar Manufacturers 
and Wholesale Dealers Association, adopted at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
May 15, 1888.] 

INSTBUCTIONS. 

It is impossible to make rules that will govern every piece of lum- 
ber, there being no two pieces of lumber exactly alike ; it is there- 
fore expected that the inspector shall be a person of experience, 
and use his best judgment— based upon the general rules given; 
making no allowance for the purpose of raising or lowering the 
grades of a piece. 

The inspector must not favor either the buyer or seller, but take 
lumber as he finds it, and pass upon each piece, the grade to which 
it belongs. Inspectors should examine all lumber on the poorest 
side, excepting flooring. All lumber must be measured ia even 
lengths, excepting stock that is cut to order, for special purposes, 
when it shall be measured for the full contents. Bark or waney 
pieces shall be measured inside the bark or wane. All tapering 
pieces will be measured one-third the length of the piece from the 
small end. 

All badly cut or mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as cull, or 
placed one grade below what it would be, if properly manufactured. 
All lumber shall be sawed thick enough to meet the required thick- 
ness when seasoned. Lumber sawed for newels, columns, balusters, 
axles or other specific purposes, must be inspected with a view of 
the intended use of the piece, and the adaptability for that purpose, 
as in most of cases it cannot be utilized for other purposes. In 
the inspection of the combined grade of first and seconds, it will be 
the duty of the inspector to see that an undue amount of seconds does 
not appear. Heart pieces are excluded from all grades above cull. 
Worm holes are considered one of the most serious defects. Gum 
spots in cherry is a defect, and if excessive, will lower the piece one 
or two grades. Warped, twisted, flood-stained, stick-rotten lumber 
ehall either be classed as cull, or mill cull and refuse. 



LOUISVILLE HARDWOOD INSPECTION RULES 87 

The standard lengths of poplar to be 13, 14 and 16 feet, admitting 
10 per cent of 10 foot length ; walnut and cherry, 10, 12, 14 and 16 
foot lengths, admitting 10 per cent of 8 feet; 8 feet to be admitted as 
No. 1, must be 13 inches wide and upwards; to grade as No. 2,8 
inches wide and upwards. 

A standard knot must not exceed 1% inches diameter, and must be 
sound. Log run shall be the unpicked run of the log, mill cull out. 

Lumber sold on grade, and without special contract, will be meas- 
ured according to these rules. The Inspector will be required to 
keep a correct copy of all measurements, and give duplicate of 
same to both buyer and seller. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

Combined grade of firsts and seconds, rejectB and shipping culls. 
No. 1, from 8 to 10 inches, shall be clear of all defects ; 10 to 16 inches 
wide may have 1J4 inches bright sap, or 1 standard knot; 16 
inches wide and upward may have 2 inches bright sap, or 2 standard 
knots, showing on one side only. 

Seconds — Six inches wide and upward must be clear of all defects 
at 7 inches; at 10 inches will admit of 1^^ inches sap, or 2 standard 
knots ; 10 to 16 inches wide will admit of 2 inches sap or 2 standard 
knots ; 16 inches wide and upward may have 3-inch sap, or 3 standard 
knots; 12 inches wide and upward will admit of a split, if straight, 
one-sixth the length of the piece, provided the piece be equal to No. 1 
in other respects. Not over 10 per cent of seconds will be taken 
with splits of the above character. 

JSeJect—Five inches wide and upward, at 7 inches may have 1 inch 
sap or 1 standard knot; 7 to 12 inches wide may have 2 inches sap 
or 2 sound knots; 12 to 18 inches wide may have 4 inches sap or 4 
sound knots; above 18 inches may have 5 inches bright, sound sap. 

Shipping cull will include all lumber not equal to the above that 
will average and work % its width and length. 

CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT. 

Will be graded and inspected according to the rules given for black 
walnut, with the exception of gum specks in cherry. 

POPLAR. 

Will include the combined grade of firsts and seconds— No. 1 com- 
mon, No. 2 common, or shipping cull. The combined grade of firsts 
and seconds shall not be leas than 63 per cent of No. 1. No. 1 shall 
be 10 inches wide and upward and clear of all defects at 12 inches; 13 
to 15 inches may have 1% inches bright sap, or 1 standard knot- 
showing on one side only; 15 to 18 inchetJ may have 2 inches sap ; 18 
inches and upward may have 3 inches sap or 2 standard knots, show- 
ing on one side only. 



88 LOUISTILLE HARDWOOD INSPECTION RtfLES. 

Seconds.— S inches wide and upward, clear of all defects at 9 
inches, at 10 inches wide may have 1 standard knot or a split not over 
12 inches long; 15 to 18 inches wide may have 2 standard knots, or 3 
inches bright sap ; 18 to 23 inches may have 3 standard knots or 4 
inches bright, soiind sap. 

No. 1 <7owt»«^on.— Shall be 6 inches wide and upward, bright, sound 
and clear sap, not a defect in this grade, 8 to 12 inches wide may have 
3 standard knots, 12 to 16 inches wide, 4 standard knots,'16 to 21 inches, 
5 standard knots, or may have straight heart crack not showing 
over one-fourth the length of the piece, if it have no other defect ex- 
cepting bright sap. 

No. 2 Common or Shipping CulU—WiW include lumber with 
more defects than the No. 1 common. Pieces will be counted where 
two-thirds of the piece will be available to use for rough manufactur- 
ing purposes, stained sap or other defects will be counted in this 
grade, doted and rotten sap, and other lumber than as above named, 
will be classed as mill cull or refuse, and have no standard value. 

Six-inch Weatherboard Strips.— Sh.oul6.he cut full width, and 
full lYs inches thick. No. 1 must be clear of all defects. No. 2 may 
have 1% inches bright, sound sap, showing on one side only, or 3 

standard knots. 

RED auM. 
"Will be inspected according to the rules governing poplar, with 
the exception of sap on the firsts and seconds, 2 inches sap being the 
extreme width allowed on pieces 18 inches wide and upward, a pro- 
portionate amount being allovred on pieces running from that down 
to 10 inches. 

ASH, BEECH, COTTONWOOD, SUGAR MAPLE, SOFT, OR WATER MAPLE, 
SYCAMORE AND CHESTNUT. 

Will be inspected according to rules governing poplar —with the 
exception of bright and sound sap, which will not be considered a 
defect. 

PLAIN OAK. 

Firsts. — 8 inches wide and upward, shall be clear at 12 inches ; 13 to 
15 inches wide will admit of 1 standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide 
will admit of 2 standard knots, showing on one side only, or two 
inches sound sap. 

Seconds,— Eight inches wide and upwards ; 8 to 12 inches wide will 
admit of 2 standard knots ; 13 to 16 inches wide will admit of 3 stand- 
ard knots ; 15 to 18 inches will admit of 3 inches bright, sound sap. 
Cull and common oak will be inspected according to rules govern- 
ing poplar. 

Quartered Oak»--FivBts and seconds : Firsts to be 6 inches and over 



PEICSACOLA PITCH PINE CLASSIFICATION. 89 



In widtli, must be clear at 8 inches ; 8 to n inches will admit of 1 
standard knot, showing only 1 side, or an equal defect. Seconds : 5 
inches and over in width, 5 to 9 inches will admit of 1 standard knot 
or equal defect; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of 2 standard knots, 
or equal defect. 

HICKORT. 

Inspection, same as oak, excepting that bright, sound sap is not to 
be considered a defect, and- first and seconds to be 6 inches wide and 
upward. 

RED ELM. 

Firsts and Seconds will be inspected according to rules given 
for oak. 



PENSACOLA PITCH PINE CLAS- 
SIFICATON. 

Re-sawn Lumber, Sawn and Hewn Timber. Adopted by the Pensacola 
Lunnber and Timber Exchange. In effect August i, 1887. 



DEALS. 

Classes.— Prime, Standard Rio, Merchantable and Stowage. 

Sizes.— 3 inches to 6 inches x 9 inches and up. 

Priitie. — Must be square edge, one heart face, t»vo-thirds heart 
surface on other face, to show heart the entire length, free from 
injurious shakes and through splits, and knots exceeding 2 inches 
in diameter. 

Standard JJto.— Must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds 
heart surface on other face, to show heart the entire length, free from 
from injurious shakes and through splits. Lengths 14 feet and up. 

Merchantable,— MuBt be square edge, one heart face, and show 
heart on other face, free from through shakes and through splits. 

Stowage.— MuBt be square edge, free from through shakes and 
through splits. 

SCANTLING. 

C7a«se«»— Prime and Merchantable. 

Sizes. — 2 inches to 934, inches x 2 inches and up, except sizes in- 
cluded under deals and plank; provided, that deals 414 inches and 
up thick, when included in bills of scantling or dimension stuff, 
may be inspected as scantling. 

Prime. — Must be one face all heart, one face all heart two-thirda 
.of the length, the other third of that face two-thirds Ixeart at every 



90 PENSACOLA PITCH PINE CLASSIFICATION. 

point, and one other face to show heart, free from tlirongli eplits 
and through shakes and injarious knots; provided that sizes 7 
inches and up x 7 inches and up, instead of heart as above stated, 
may have two-thirds heart surface on each face, showing heart the 
entire length. 

Me rehatitable.— Mnet be square edge, show heart on two fiices 
the entire length, free from through shakes and through splits. 

DIMENSION STUFF. 

Classes,— Prime and Merchantable. 

Sizes.— 10 inches and up x 10 inches and up. 

Prime. — Must be square edge, two-thirds heart surface on each 
face, showing heart the entire length, free from injurious shakes 
and through splits. 

Merchantable. — Must show heart on each face, may show wane 
on two corners not exceeding 15 inches long to each 13 feet in 
length, 1 inch wide on 10x10, and wider in proportion on larger 
sizes, free from injurious shakes and through splits. 
PLANK AND BOAKDS. 

Classes.— Stepping, Prime and Merchantable. 

Sizes. — 1 inch to 22^ inches x 7 inches and up. 

Stepping. — Must be square edge, one heart face, the other face 
two-thirds heart surface, to show heart the entire length; provided, 
that where one edge is sap the edge at the opposite point must be 
heart; to be entirely free from shakes and splits, not to have more 
than 2 knots y^, inch in diameter, or one knot % of an inch in di- 
f«neter, to each 12 feet in length. Provided that 50 per cent shall be 
clear of knots. 

Prime. — Must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds heart 
surface on other face, to show heart the entire length, free from 
through shakes and through splits, not to have more than 2 knots 
134 inches in diameter in sizes under 1^ inches thick, or 2 knots 
lYz inches in diameter in sizes 1^ inches and up thick, to each 12 
feet in length. 

3Ierchantable, — Must be square edge, one heart face, and show 
heart on other face, free from through shakes and through splits. 
Provided that sizes 11 inches and up wide may show sap on one edge 
of beet face not exceeding lli inches wide at any one place. 

FLOORING. 

Classes,— BoBton^ Prime and Merchantable. 

Sizes.— 1 inch, 154 inches and lYz inches x 3 inches to 6 inches. 

Boston.— Mnst be square edge, all heart with exception of small 
streaks of sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches wide at any one 
point, free from shakes and splits, not to have more than S knots ^ 



PENSACOLA PITCH PIKE CLASSIPICATlOK. 91 



Inch in diameter, or one knot % of an inch in diameter to each 12 
feet in length. Provided that 70 per cent shall bo clear of knots. 

PHme.— Must he square edge, one heart face, and show heart the 
entire length on other face, free from splits and shakes, not to have 
more than two knots ^d of an inch in diameter, or one knot 1 inch m 
i diameter, to each 12 feet in length. 

Merchantable.— MuBt be square edge, one heart face, with ex- 
ception of half inch sap on one edge of best face, free from splits 
and through shakes and knots exceeding 1% inches in diameter. 

SIDINGS. 

Classes.— Pvime, Merchantable and Sap. 

Sizes.— 1 inch and m inches x 3 inches and up, 3 inches to 6 
inches wide being designated as narrow, and 7 inches and up as wide. 

Prime.— Must be square edge, one heart face, and same allowance 
for knots as Merchantable, free from splits and through shakes. 

Merchantable.— MviBt be square edge, sap shall he allowed on 
best face regardless of sap on other face, as follows : In narrow sid- 
ings H inch sap shall be allowed on one edge of best face, and in 
wide sidings half inch sap on each edge of best face, free from 
through shakes and through splits, with following allowance for 
knots : In narrow sidings 2 knots 1 inch in diameter, or 3 knots half 
inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length, and in wide sidings 2 knots 
lYs inches in diameter, or 3 knots % of an inch in diameter, to each 
12 feet in length. Provided that 60 per cent shall be clear of knots. 

^«jp._Must be square edge, free from through shakes and through 
splits, and same allowance for knots as Merchantable. 



All lumber must be sound, evenly sawn, square butted with saw, 
free from unsound, loose and hollow knots. The limitation as to 
size and number of knots refers to the best face. The distribution 
of knots need not be proportionate, i. e.,2 knots to each 12 feet 
means that a piece 24 feet long may have 4 knots anywhere in the 
piece, and not 2 knots to each separate 12 feet. 

The allowance for knots in flooring, plank and boards is for the 
narrowest width of each division ; the number may be increased in 
proportion to the width. In stepping, flooring and sidings, sound 
knots one-fourth the diameter of the maximum knot, and in prime 
plank and boards, one-half the .diameter of the maximum knot, shall 
not be considered. In measurement of knots the average diameter 
must be taken. Unless otherwise specified, luniber shall be 12 feet 
and up long. The term Re-sawn Lumber shall include all of the 
sizes above mentioned. The general dieti^Qtioa betweea sawn tira- 



93 PENSACOLA PITCH PINE CLASSIFICATION. 

• 
ber and dimension stuff is that dimension stuff is generally bought 
and sold by the thousand superficial feet, and is usually a part of a 
schedule including several other kinds of Ke-sawn Lumber. Sawn 
timber generally is bought and sold by the cubic foot, the price being 
based on the cubic average, and is generally shipped in cargo lots or 
as a part of a cargo of Hewn Timber or deals. 

SAWN TIMBER. 

Classes,— '' Ky and "B." 

Class ^^^/'— Must be sound, square butted with saw, square edge 
and well made, free from injurious shakes and unsound knots, 
showing heart the entire length on two faces, and showing heart on 
the other two faces. 

Class *' B."—M\iat be sound, square butted with saw, and well 
made, free from injurious shakes and unsound knots, showing 
heart on each face, may have slight places of wane not exceeding 
one inch across in the widest place by not exceeding one-third the 
length of the piece in the aggregate, and not esceediug two inches 
across in the widest place by not exceeding three feet in length, and 
the total number of such places of wane not to exceed one, as above 
mentioned, on any one corner. 

HEWN TIMBER. 

Classes "A. 2,'' '-B. 1. Good" and "B. 1." 

'* A. 2.*'—Muat be sound, straight, well manufactured, free from 
unsound knots and injurious shakes, to show heart the entire length 
on all sides, may taper 1 inch to 20 feet in length, and may show 
places of wane one and one-half inches in width and not to exceed 
six feet in length at top end. 

"B. 1, Good.^'—Maj have one inch sweep to each 20 foet in 
length one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent of the number of 
pieces in any one raft, must be sound, well manufactured, free from 
unsound knots and injurious shakes, to show heart on two sides the 
entire length, and on other two sides % of the length, may taper 1 
inch to 20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 2 inches in 
width, and not to exceed ten feet in length at top end. 

''B. 1." — May have one inch sweep or crook to each 10 feet in 
length one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent as above, must be 
sound, well manufactured, free from unsound knots and injurious 
shakes, to show one-half heart on all sides, may taper one and one- 
half inches to 20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 2 in- 
ches in width and 2 feet long at one place provided wane at the top 
end shall be allowed 8 feet in length. 

All timber to be square butted and free from splinter draws. 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION RULES. 93 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION RULES. 



Adopted by the Luinberinaii''8 Excliange of Nashville, Tennessee, 
April 10, 1884. Revised and corrected April 19, 1887. [It should 
be remembered that all local poplar inspections in the poplar pro- 
ducing districts were intended to be superseded in wholesale ship- 
ping by the rules adopted by the Poplar Manufacturers and Whole- 
sale Dealers' Association, at a meeting held at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
May 15, 1888.] 

TO INSPECTORS AND MEASUKEBB. 

It is understood that when the term strips is used, the said strips 
shall be six inches in width unless otherwise specified. All tapering 
pieces of lumber to be measured one-third (%) the distance from the 
narrow end, when twelve inches and over in width at the center; and 
when less than twelve inches wide in center, to be measured at the 
narrow end. All lumber to be measured in even lengths (except 
culls), from twelve to thirty feet inclusive in length. Above that 
length timber shall be counted for what it will measure. 

Culls commence ten feet in length, and then measure the same as 
other qualities. Manufacture should be taken into consideration in 
all qualities, and if badly manufactured should reduce the grade. 

Inspectors and measurers are instructed that the rule herein given 
as to width and thickness is the standard width and thickness for 
merchantable lumber of each grade. In no case shall mill culls be 
considered a quality for the purpose of increasing the inspection 
fees. 

KULES FOR THE INSPECTION OF HAKDWOOD LUlttBER. 

In hardwood inspection the inspector is instructed to use his best 
judgment, based upon the general rules laid down for his guidance. 
He must inspect all boards and plank on ihe poorest side, excepting 
in flooring. The standard knot is to be considered as not exceedirg 
134 inches in diameter, and of a sound character. Splits are always 
a greater or less damage to hardwood lumber, and will reduce a piece 
to one grade lower if the split is over twelve inches in length in 
boards and plank, or six inches in strips ; but splits must be straight 
and in one end only to be allowed. All hardwood- lumber should be 
eawed 1-16 inch plump. All lumber must be sawed eq^uare edged 



94 tfASHVlLLEl INSPECTION RULES. 

unless otherwise ordered, and boards and plank having bark or wane 
must be reduced one grade and measured inside wane or bark. All 
boards one inch and under thick shall be measured face meas- 
ure. If sawed one inch scant shall be reduced one grade ; if under 
three fourths of an inch, reduce two grades. All badly mis-sawed 
lumber shall be classed as culls. No cull is considered as having a 
marketable value which will not work one-half its size without 
waste. 

Lumber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view 
to the adaptability of the piece for the intended use, as in many 
cases it cannot be utilized for other purposes. In the inspection of 
combined grades of firsts and seconds, an undue predominance of 
seconds should always be judiciously ascertained, as the purchas- 
er is entitled to the full average in quality, based upon the average 
mill run of the kind of timber involved. 

Standard lengths are always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 feet, 
but 10 per cent of 10-feet lengths may be allowed. Shorter than 10 
feet does not come within the range of marketable, although some- 
times admitted. In black walnut and cherry an exception is made, 
and 10 feet is recognized as a standard length, and 10 per cent of 
8-feet lengths may be admitted in the firsts and seconds and even 6 
feet in lower grades. Mill culls are never recognized as marketable ; 
and all culls which will not work to the use for which the timber or 
the size is applicable, without wasting more than one-half, is a mill 
cull, and shall be so reported on certificate. 

Hickory should never be cut while the sap is rising, as it is then 
liable to powder-post, and indications of deterioration of this char- 
acter should be ca'refrJly scrutinized by the inspector. 

Merchantable includes only sound lumber, free from rot, shake 
and unsound hearts ; hearts in nearly all varieties of lumber are to 
be excluded from all grades above culls. 

It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square- 
edged and with square ends. 

In poplar or whitswood marketable thickness shall be recognized 
as %, %, 1, IMj iV^i 2, 214, Sand 4 inches; Vi, 5, and 6 inches are 
classed as special sizes. When squared, the sizes shall be 4x4, 5x5, 
6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, and 10x10, and shall be sawed M inch plump. 

Worm holes are to be considered as one of the most serious de- 
fects in hardwood lumber. 

DKESSED LTJMBEB. 

All dressed lumber, such as weatherboards or siding, ceiling, floor- 
ing, moulding, etc., shall be measured full- width ae ripped to work. 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION HULES. §5 



POPLAR OR WHITE WOOD. 

Inspection grades shall be known as clear, second clear, common 
and culls. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width, and free from all de- 
fects. The square pieces are exempt from this rule only as to width. 

Second Clear must not be less than 8 inches in width and clear up 
to 10 inches. Boards or plank 10 to 12 inches wide may have one 
standard knot, but no other defects; or may have bright sap not 
over 3 inches in width in the aggregate, and no other defects. 

JBoards and PlanJc 13 to 16 inches may have two standard knots 
and no other defects, or may have 4 inches bright sap, not to exceed 
2% inches on any one edge, and no other defects. 

Boards and Planh 17 inches and over will allow 5 inches sap, not 
to exceed 3 inches on any one edge, or two standard knots, or 2 inches 
sap and one standard knot. 

The two grades above enumerated may be combined in one grade 
to be designated "Firsts and Seconds." 

Combined grades of firsts and seconds shall consist of not less 
than 60 per cent of firsts. 

Boards and PlanJc 1% inches thick shall be 8 inches wide and 
over ; % inch thick shall be 12 inches wide and over. 

Common shall include any width not less than 7 inches, and will 
allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described 
in second clear. Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in 
this grade, if over 12 inches wide, and straight splits shall not be 
considered a defect; otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more defects than 
described in common, whether in the lumber or character of the 
knots, badly checked, and generally such lumber as is unfit for 
ordinary purposes without waste. 

Booc Boards is a special grade. 

Poplar Strips must be full 6 inches wide, 1 inch plump thick when 
dry, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Clear shall be free of all defects. 
Second clear may have bright sap, and must be free of all other 
defects. Common shall embrace all sound strips with more defects 
than second clear. Culls shall contain all unsound strips that will 
work to one-half their contents, and all tapering strips. 

WHITE ASH. 

The inspection grades shall consist of firsts and seconds, and culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must be 6 in. and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long and clear up to 8 inches in width. Over 8 inches wide and up 
to 10 inches will allow one standard knot; 10 inches wide and over 
will allow two standard knots, but must be free of hearts and dry rot. 



06 NASHVILLE INSPECTION RULES. 

Culls include all defective lumber— heart-Bhaken, knots beyond 
standard, and defective sawing. 

Wagon Tongue must be cut from tough timber, straight and free 
from all defects, 

Flooring must have one face and tv/o edges clear, and 4 to 7 
inches wide, inclusive. 

WHITE AND BUER OAK. 

Shall be inspected as firsts, seconds, common and calls. 

Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide and clear up to 10 inches ; 
10 to 13 inches will allow one defect, and defects may increase with 
the width. 

Seconds at 6 inches wide will allow one standard knot, or 5. iittle 
bright sap. No other defects shall be allowed in this grade, but their 
extent may increase with the size of the piece, 

A combined grade of firsts and seconds must not comprise more 
than G&% per cent of seconds. 

Comtnon must be free from heart-shake, but thick planks may 
contain sound hearts. All knots must be sound. 

Culls consist of bad-heart plank, wormy or generally unsound 
lumber. 

Oak timber must be sound in all respects ; sound knot and hearts 
not showing on the outside of the stick shall not be considered defects. 

HICKORY. 

Hickory shall be classed as boards, plank and axles. Boards and 
planks shall be inspected as firsts and seconds in one grade, and 
must not be less than 6 inches wide if less than 2 inches thick; this 
grade shall not admit of more than one or two standard knots, but 
no other imperfections. 

Axles must be free from all defects. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the preceding description. 

Wane is permitted in boards and planks. 

BLACK WALNUT 

Shall be inspected in three grades— firsts, seconds and culls. 

Firsts shall not be less than 8 inches wide and 10 feet long, and 
may allow one standard knot or 1 inch bright sap on one side, or a 
check 10 inches long in a board that is 11 inches wide and over, when 
dry. 

Seconds shall be free from heart, wind-shakes and rot. All strips 
6 and 7 inches wide, 10 feet and over long, must be clear and straight. 
Boards 9 inches wide will allow one defect if it is small; boards 10 
and 11 inches wide, two defects, provided one is small; boards 13 to 
16 inches wide, three defects, if two of them are small; and those 16 
inches and over will allow three defects. 

All boards must have one black face. Boards 8 incIieB wide and 



NASHVILLE INSPECTION RULES. 97 

over will admit of sap, but not more tlian one-third on sap side, and 
the sap shall be counted as a defect. A few worm-holes will be al- 
lowed in a second, but as it depends on their location and the width 
of the board, it will be left to the discretion of the inspector. 

Ten per cent of the lumber may be 8 feet long and graded the 
same as lumber of other lengths. 

Culls are all boards that do not come up to the above grades and 
will work one-half good. 

Mill Culls are such lumber as is not included in above grades. 

Miscut*,— All miscut boards are to be classified one grade below, 
and must be measured at the thinnest place. 

Common, or Eeject, is to be considered a special grade, quality 
to be decided between seller and buyer. 

CHERKT 

Shall be classified and graded the same as black walnut. 

BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. 

Butternut and chestnut shall be inspected in firsts and seconds 
and culls. 

Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide and clear 
up to 8 inches, but at 8 inches may have an inch of sap, or two 
standard knots ; sap on the face side shall be measured out. Defects 
may increase with the width in proportion. Worm holes are abso- 
lutely excluded from this grade. 

Culls include all lumber not up to the standard of seconds, but 
available not less than one-half to work without waste. 

SWEET-GUM. 

Sweet-gum shall be inspected in grades of firsts and seconds and 
common. 

First and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide, and must 
be clear up to 10 inches. Over 10 inches may have two standard 
knots. Sap is wholly excluded from this grade. 

Common shall include all lumber not up to the standard of firsts 
and seconds, in which not less than three-fourths of the piece is 
available for use without waste. 

Culls, worthless. 

BASSWOOD, ELM, STCAMOKE, BEECH AND COTTONWOOD. 

The above named varieties of lumber shall be classified under an 
inspection of good and cull, and shall not be less than 6 inches in 
width. 

Good shall include all sound lumber free from shake and hearts. 
Standard knots from one to five in number do not condemn from 
this grade in proportion to the width of the piece. 

Culls iaclude all lumber not good enough for the preceding grade, 
but in which one-liall the piece will work without waste. 



98 NASHVILLE INSPECTION RULES. 



YELLOW PINE 

Shall be classed as clear, second clear, standard and common. 

Clear must be 10 inches or more in width and free from all defects. 

Second Clear must be 8 inches or more wide, and bright sap not 
called a defect; will allow one or two small sound knots, not over \ 
inch in diameter, showing through if free of other defects; face 
being clear one narrow wane may be allowed. 

Standard is firsts and seconds classed together, 50 per cent being 
firsts and seconds and 50 per cent common. 

Common shall include all lumber poorer than that described as 
seconds, but free from shake, large, unsound knots, or rot. 

Flooring Strips shall be 3 to 6 inches wide, and be classed as first 

and second clear, 3 and 4 inches wide, may have one sound knot not 

over Yi inch in diameter, and free of other defects. No strip in this 

class shall have knot on edge of piece. Bright sap shall not be 

classed as a defect, but blue stain excluded. 

Standard shall contain 60 per cent first and second and 50 per cent 
common. 

Common shall contain all sound strips below firsts and seconds. 
Knots large enough to weaken a strip will throw it into culls. 

Culls all unsound pieces, and all blued sap pieces. 

Timber and joists must be square edge, and have no defects that 
will impair the strength of the piece for the purpose intended. 

RED CEDAR. 

Inspection grades shall consist of No. 1, common and culls, both 
in regard to boards and dimension stufE. Sound knots in cedar not 
considered a defect. 

No, 1 must be full 6 inches wide and up, 8 to 16 feet long; will 
admit half inch of sap on each edge of one face ; one face must be 
red; free from all splits and checks; any thickness from one to two 
inches; evenly sawed. 

Common will admit of boards 4 inches wide and up, 6 to 16 feet 
long; one sap face; two unsound knots ; checks and splits not ex- 
ceeding 13 inches; clear of wane edges. 

Culls will include all boards not good enough for preceding 
grades, but in which one-third of piece will work without waste. 

Dimension Stuff.— No. 1 will include all sizes from 2x4 up, not 
less than 6 feet in length, and will admit of Vz iiich sap on each'face 
in sizes six inches square and over ; a half -inch hollow in one end shall 
not be considered any defect; otherwise must be sound and perfect. 

Common will in no wise differ from No. 1 except that sap will be 
considered no defect, and will admit of small hollow in each end 
without regard to size ; otherwise sound and perfect. 

All pieces that do not come up to the above grades will b© consid- 
ered culls. 



IKSPECTlON 01? NORTH CAHOLlNA PINE. 6fi 



INSPECTION OF NORTH CARO- 
LINA PINE. 



Adopted May loth, 1888, at Norfolk, Va,, by the Carolina Pine 
Lumber Association, Norfolk, Va. 



All Lumber intended for flooring shall be measured at the narrow- 
est and thinnest points, and be 12 ft. long and over. 



Prime Lumber,— 1 in., I34 in., lYi in. and 2 in., shall be 12 ft. 
and over long, 6 in. and over wide, clear of knots and all imperfec- 
tions on both sides and dry. 

No. 1 Flooring, — 1 in., 1% in., I14 in. and 2 in. thick shall have 
one side free from knots, shakes or stain and the other side sound. 
Rift flooring shall admit widths 814 to 4 in. 

No. 1 Stained.— All No. 1 boards slightly stained, shall be 
classed as No. 1 stained. 

No, 2 Flooring. — Shall consist of boards with small tight knots 
on the best side and to be free from worm holes and shakes. Sap 
stained boards, clear of knots on one side, below No. 1 stained, are 
included in this grade. 

No. 3, — Shall consist of black stained boards, free from large 
knots ; wormed boards, known as pin-holes, and tight knotty boards — 
provided there are no large knots in edge of board. 

No. 4: or Box. — All boards not coming up to grade No. 3 in 
quality, are classed as Box or Rough, excepting boards which are 
unsound or rotten. 

Mill Culls,— Conaiat of all Lumber below No. 4 or Box. 



100 INSPECTION OF WHITE PINE FOE, EXPOKT. 



RULES FOR INSPECTION OF 
WHITE PINE FOR EXPORT. 

From the Port of New York, October, 1888. 




The rules for inspecting white pine for export are governed entirely 
by custom. The specifications herewith given have received the ap- 
proval of one of the oldest and most competent inspectors of export 
pine in the New York market, who states that the rules given here- 
in, fairly and correctly explain the various grades. 

SOUTH AMERICAN SHIPPERS. 

South American shippers are 12 Inches wide, and 12 to 16 feet 
long. No. 1 shippers should be sound and red knotted, and what 
can be designated as a good, clean board. There should be no black 
knots or branch knots over 4 inches in width on the edge of the piece. 
The lumber should be absolutely free from shake and eplits. In 
Albany the lumber would be graded as selected dressing. The Mich- 
igan shipper would probably have to select out the cream of No. 1 
common, and the Chicago grade would be about a good D stock. 
South American shippers are 1 x 12, 1^ x 12, and 2x 13. 
WEST INDIA SHIPPERS. 

A West India shipper is not as good as a South American board. 
The requirements are 8 inches and over wide, and 12 to 16 feet long. 
Specifications vary. Occasionally an order will call for a car load 
averaging 12^ feet to a piece, while another will make it 15 feet, 
which of course requires a wide average to make it. The quality 
must be a sound knot, but not necessarily red, and small branch 
knots are admissible. No shake is admitted, but a split not to ex- 
ceed 18 inches in one end, will pass. Generally speaking the board 
must be water tight, as it is used largely for puposes of packing 
sugar. Objection is raised to discolored lumber— stained or sun- 
burnt—and in taking down a pile the covering boards should not be 
shipped. The grade corresponds to an ordinary No. 2 barn board. 
AUSTRALIA. 

Shipments to this market consist of the Albany grades of good 
fourths, selects and pickings, also No. 1 and No. 2 shelving. A No. 
1 shelving corresponds to Albany dressing and better, and No. 2 is a 
selected South American shipper. Shelving runs from 12 to 22 inches 
wide, and 12 to 16 feet long, and is dressed four sides. It is imper- 
ative that all the grades shall be absolutely dry, free from splits and 
well maaufactured. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 101 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 



RULES FOR INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER. 



Chapter 63. Of the Survey and Sale of Lumber, Ornamental wood and 

Ship Timber, 



Sec. 1. There shall be a Surveyor-general of lumber, appointed 
by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Council, for a 
district to consist of the County of Suffolk. 

The said Surveyor-general shall reside in said district, shall keep 
an office in Boston, conveniently located and accessible to the pub- 
lic, shall be sworn and shall give bond with sufficient sureties, to the 
Treasurer of the Commonwealth in the sum of two thousand dollars 
for the faithful discharge of his duty, and, unless sooner removed, 
shall hold his office for three years and until a successor is appointed 
and qualified. 

Sec. 3. He shall appoint a sufficient number of competent and dis- 
creet deputy surveyors, removable at his pleasure, and for whom he 
shall be responsible ; they shall be citizens of said district, and shall 
be sworn and give bond to him for the faithful discharge of their 
duties. He shall appoint one or more of them to survey oak and 
other hard wood commonly used in ship-building, and one or more 
to survey mahogany, cedar and other ornamental wood and lumber. 

No Surveyor-general or deputy shall be a dealer in any lumber of 
the kind he is appointed to survey, nor shall he survey any lumber 
in which he has a pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, nor for 
any person or persons by whom he is employed on a salary or for a 
2)er diem allowance. 

Sec. 3. All applications for surveys shall be made to the Sur- 
veyor-general, and all surveys made by his deputies shall be under 
his direction. He shall, by himself or his deputies, survey and 
measure all lumber brought into said district for sale, when a request 
therefor is made by either the purchaser or the seller, and he shall 
enforce all the provisions of this chapter. 

Sec. 4. He shall keep a record of all lumber surveyed by himself 
or his deputies, and of the amount of fees received by each deputy, 
and he shall be entitled to ten per cent of such fees. Such recQr4 



i08 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 



"! 



shall be at all times open to inspection by the members of the city 
councils and by the selectmen of the several cities and towns in said 
district. 

Sec. 5. He shall annually, on or before the fifteenth day of Jan- 
uary, make to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, areturn, specify- 
ing the amount and (he various kinds and qualities of lumber sur- 
veyed in said district during the year ending on the thirty-first day of 
the preceding month, except when special grades are made or freight 
measurement taken, when the amount and kind of lumber only 
shall be returned. The person by whom it was surveyed, and the 
amount of fees received by him and his deputies. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the deputy surveyor to be governed 
by the provisions of this act under the instructions of the Surveyor- 
general in determining the quantity and quality of all lumber sur- 
veyed by them ; to ascertain the true contents of each and every piece 
of lumber, log or stick, and mark the same in a legible character 
thereon ; to keep a correct piece tally of the same in a plain, legible 
account, and make return of the said account with bills of survey 
to the Surveyor-general, to be kept on file by him one year for ex- 
amination or reference. 

Sec. 7. Except in the aforesaid district, towns and the city 
councils of cities shall annually elect one or more surveyors of 
lumber, who shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duties ; 
and cities may, from time to time, establish ordinances, with suitable 
penalties respecting the appointment of such surveyors. 

Sec. 8. Surveyors of lumber in cities and towns, when requested 
so to do by either the purchaser or seller^ shall survey oak and other 
hard wood commonly, used in ship building, mahogany, ash and 
other ornamental wood, and all other lumber brought for sale into 
or manufactured in this Commonwealth. But no such surveyor 
shall survey lumber in which he has any pecuniary interest. 

Sec. 19. Special grades in lumber and special agreements of 
grades for specific purposes may be made, and freight measurements 
taken by the deputy surveyors for which they shall be responsible 
under the instructions of the Sury^eyor-general, to whom applications 
must be made in writing for the same. 

Sec. 20. The fees for surveying and marking shall be paid by the 
purchaser (unless otherwise agreed). One-half of the fees paid by 
the purchaser aforesaid shall be allowed and paid to him by the 
seller. 

Sec. 21. If a Surveyor-general or surveyor of lumber is guilty of 
or connives at a fraud or deceit in surveying, marking or numbering 
to contents or quality of any kind of wood or lumber, or if such 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 103 



surveyor, when requested by the owner of or a dealer in lumber to 
survey the same, refuses, without good reasons, to perform the 
duty, he shall forfeit for each offense not less than fifty nor more 
than two hundred dollars. 

Sec. 22. If a seller or purchaser of lumber attempts to induce a 
surveyor to make a false survey, he shall forfeit for each offense not 
less than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars. 

Sec. 23. Whoever presum s to perform without authority any of 
the dixties of a surveyor of lumber shall forfeit not less than fifty 
nor more than two hundred dollars. 

GEADES OF WHITE PINE. 

INSPECTION OF WHITE PINE LUMBER. 

White pine boards and plank shall be inspected as first clear, 
second clear, and third clear. Selects, first fine common, second fine 
comfQon, first common, second common, wide common, culls, and 

mill culls. 

All boards and plank above the grade of culls yhall be well manu- 
factured, parallel in width (if tapering to be measured at the narrow 
end). All boards one inch and under thick, shall be measured face 
measure. All lumber in grades above Common shall be thick 
enough to plane, viz. : 

1 inch, to plane two sides, % li^ch 

114 " " " " ■ 1% " 

114 " " " " .... - 1% " 

2 <' " " n ..... - 1% " 
All lumber in grades of first and second common should be the 

same thickness, but if thick enough to plane one side the thickness 
above specified, will not be reduced in grade. All lumber sawed 
scant in thickness shall be reduced to next standard thickness, 
except one inch, which shall be graded as culls. Culls, if tapering, 
shall be measured in the middle of piece, giving full contents. All 
Eastern or Western Pine lumber shall be so named in sale, and so 
specified on inspection statement. 

A sap defect shall be equal to one inch in width the entire length 
of the piece, on one side. In selects and upper grades, white sap is 
the defect admitted, and in fine common and under grades discolored 
sap is admitted. 

A knot defect shall be equal to a sound knot % inch in diameter. 

A split defect shall be equal to a straight split two feet in length 
and parallel with the edge of the board. 

A shake defect shall be equal to one square foot of surf ace,~and 
not over four feet in length. 

First Clear shall be not lees than 12 feet long, 12 inches wide, ot 



104 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 

soft white pine, and free of defects. At 18 inch and up, wide, two 
white sap defects may be admitted on one side. 

Second Clear shall be not less than 12 feet long, 10 inches wide and 
free of defects. At 12 inches wide, one white sap or one knot defect, 
and at 18 inches and up, wide, three white sap or three l^not defects 
may be admitted on one side. 

Third Clear shall be not less than 12 feet long, 8 inches wide and 
free of defects. At 12 inches wide two white sap or two knot defects, 
and at 18 inches and up, wide, four white sap or four knot defects 
may be admitted on one side. 

Lumber that will grade as uppers at 12 inches wide with one split 
defect, or at 18 inches wide with two split defects, shall be reduced 
to selects ; with more split defects, to first fine common. 

Selects shall be 13 feet long (except that 10 per cent of 10 feet 
lengths may be allowed), 7 inches and up wide. White sap on out- 
side shall be no defect at any width if face side be perfect. At 12 
inches wide, two white sap, one knot or one split defect may be ad- 
mitted on face side, but white sap shall not cover over two-thirds of 
Bap side. At 18 inches and up wide, four white sap, three knot, or 
one knot, or two split defects may be admitted on face side, and 
white sap not to exceed one-third of sap side. 

First Fine Common shall be 12 feet long (10 per cent of 10 feet 
lengths allowed), 7 inches and up wide, white sap defects may be 
allowed equal to two-thirds of face on sap side, and one-third of face 
Bide. At 12 inches wide, white sap one-third of face side, and three 
knot or two split defects. At 18 inches wide and over, sap one- 
third of face and five knot or three split defects. 

Shakes are not admitted in this and upper grades. 

Second Fine Common shall be 10 feet and up long, 7 inches and 
up wide. White sap shall be no defect in this grade. At 12 inches 
wide will admit 6 discolored sap, knot or split defects. At 18 inches 
wide and over, will admit of 9 discolored sap, knot or split defects 
on face side. One shake defect shall be admitted and is equivalent 
to 3 other defects. 

This grade shall inclixde all lumber whereby a two-thirds propor- 
tion of finishing lumber may be obtained by cutting up in three 
lengths, the shortest not to be less than 2 feet long. 

The equivalent of light blue or slightly discolored sap in number 
1 and 2 fine common shall be equal to one-half the width allowed of 
white sap in the same grades. 

The standard length that admits knot defects described in second i 
and third clear, selects, and first and second fine common is 16 feet. 

Pine strips shall be 12 feet and up long, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches wide 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 105 

and be graded as first clear, second clear and third clear. The knot 
defects hereinafter described in strips, shall be those allowed in a 
board 16 feet long, 6 inches wide. Knot defects shall be in the same 
proportion in all other widths and lengths. 

First Clear may show on face side white sap equal to one-sixth of 
the width of piece, or two small pencil knots, and on sap side one- 
sixth of blue sap, and if face side be perfect, will admit one-third 
blue sap on sap side. 

Second Clear may show on face side sap equal to four sound knots 
one-half inch in diameter, and one- sixth of blue sap on sap side, or 
if with clear face, one-half of blue sap on sap side. 

Third Clear may have equal to six sound knots one-half inch in 
diameter, or one third blue sap on face side, and one-half blue sap 
on sap side; or if face side be better blue sap may cover two-thirds 
of sap side. 

First CommonjahdiW be 12 feet long (10 per cent of 10 foot lengths 
allowed), 7 inches and up wide, and include all boards and plank that 
are well manufactured, of full thickness, sound character, and that 
contain small tight knots that will not prevent the whole piece being 
used for ordinary shelving or good matching work without waste. No 
shakes allowed in this grade. 

Second Common shall be 12 feet long (10 per cent of 10 foot 
lengths allowed), 6 inches and up wide, and may contain large sound 
and branch knots and other defects that does not impair the use of 
the whole piece for coarse ordinary matching purposes. Not over 
one shake defect allowed in this grade. 

Wide Comtnon shall include all boards of the above quality, 12 
feet and up long, 13 inches and up wide. 

Culls shall include all boards and plank 8 feet and up long, 4 inches 
and up wide not up to the standard of No. 2 common, when not less 
than two-thirds of the piece (as a whole) can be used for coarse 
matching purposes; or the whole piece having good edges with 
narrow rot streaks and other defects that will not prevent the whole 
piece being used for coarse boxing purposes. 

All boards not up to this standard shall be graded as mill culls. 

Norway Pine shall be graded the same as white pine, but shall 
be specified as Norway on inspection statement. 

Waney-edged box boards, pine, bass, poplar and spruce, shall be 
inspected as good and culls. 

Good shall include all sound lumber so free from black, mouldy 
or rotten sap, rot, wormholes and bad shakes, that not less than 
two-thirds of entire piece (as a whole) can be used without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not good enough for the ^bove 
grade, 



108 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 



SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK. 

Spruce boards shall be inspected as first clear, second clear, cora- 
mon and culls. All boards shall be well manufactured, square-edged 
and square-butted, and thick enough to plane one side seven-eighths 
of an inch. All boards not up to the required thickness shall be 
graded as culls. 

The knot defects hereinafter described shall be those allowed in a 
clear board 16 feet long, 6 Inches wide. Knot defects in all other 
widths and lengths shall be in the game proportion. 

All boards first and second clear that taper shall be measured at 
the narrow end. 

All coarse boards that taper one inch and over shall be measured 
one-third the distance from the narrow end. 

All coarse boards that taper less than one inch shall be measured 
in the middle. 

White sap is no defect. 

First Clear shall be not less than 10 feet long or 4 inches wide in 
a standard board, defects on the face side may be admitted equal to 
four sound pencil knots, and on sap side equal to one-half of light 
blue sap. No wane will be allowed that will not dress off. 

Second Clear shall be not less than 10 feet long or 3 inches wide 
(except that 10 per cent of 8 feet lengths may be allowed). In a 
standard board, defects on the face side may be admitted equal to six 
sound knots one-half inch in diameter ; or if clear of knots, one inch 
in width of sap the entire length of board. Light blue sap may 
cover the whole of the sap side. Wane shall not be admitted on 
either edge of sap side over one-half inch in width. 

Common shall be not less than 10 feet long or 5 inches wide, of 
sound character and free of defects that will not prevent two-thirds 
of the piece being used for ordinary work without waste. 

Shippers shall include all boards of the above quality 13 feet and 
up long, 8 inches and up wide. 

Culls shall be not less_ than 6 feet long and 3 inches wide, and 
include all boards not up to the standard of common. All culls 
should work one-half their size without waste for coarse work, to 
be marketable. 

Spruce boards and hemlock boards and plank shall be inspected 
as number one, two, and culls. All lumber shall be well manufact- 
ured, square edge and square butted. The boards must be thick 
enough to plane one side % inch, and plank to plane one side 1% 
inch. All scant sawed plank shall be measured as lYz Inch, and all 
scant Bawed boards shall be graded as culls. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LA.WS. 107 

All boards or plank that taper less than one inch shall be measured 
in the middle. 

All boards or plank that taper one inch and over shall be measured 
one-third the distance from the narrow end. 

JVo. 1 shall include all lumber 10 feet and up long. 7 inches and 
up wide, that can be used without waste for first-class building pur- 
poses. 

No, 2 shall include all other lumber 10 feet and up long, 6 inches 
and up wide (except that ten per cent of 8 feet lengths may be 
allowed), of which not less than two-thirds of entire length of piece 
can be used without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to standard of No. 2. 

Pine, spruce and hemlock dimension, joist, plank and timber, 
shall be inspected as No. 1, No. 2, and culls. 

All lumber shall be well manufactured, square-edged, square but- 
ted, parallel width, and full to sizes. 

No. 1 and No, 2 joists shall be nine feet and up long, standard 
sizes, 2 X 3, 2 s 4, and 3x4; special sizes, 2 x 2, 3 x 3, and so forth. 

No. 1 and No, 2 plank shall be 10 feet and up long, 5 inches and 
up wide, 1,1^ and 2 inches thick. All other sizes 3 inches and up 
thick shall be 12 feet and up long. 

All plank that taper less than one inch shall be measured at the 
narrow end. All plank that taper one inch and over shall be 
measured in the middle and graded as culls. All badly missawed 
lumber shall be graded as culls. All plank and timber over ^ inch 
less than intended size shall be measured the next standard size it 
will work. 

No. 1 shall include all dimension lumber of sound character, and 
free of all defects that render it unfit for first-class building purposes 
without waste. 

No. 2 shall include all other dimension lumber in which not less 
than two-thirds of the entire lecgth can be used for first-class build- 
ing purposes without waste, or the entire piece be used for 
ordinary purposes without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

YELLOW PINE. 

Sec. 13. Southern pine shall be classified as flooring, stepping, 
wide boards, scantling, plank and dimension. 

All lumber shall be well manufactured, full to sizes, square butted 
and graded as No. 1, No. 2, and culls. 

All one inch flooring and stepping shall be thick enough to plane 
one side % inch, 1% inch to plane one side 1% inches, 1^4 inch to 
plane one si^e 1% inches, and 3 inch to plane one side 1% iuQhe^ 



108 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAAVS. 

All 3, 4, 5 and 6 inch flooring ehall be reduced to the next width, 
in inches when less than % inch narrower than intended width. 

All boards or plank not up to the required thickness intended 
shall be reduced to the next standard thickness, except 1 inch, which, 
if scant, shall be graded as culls. 

Flooring shall be classed as rift, heart, and heart face, and be 13 
feet and up long, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches wide, 1 and 1% inches thick. 

A sap defect shall be equal to one-sixth of the width the entire 
length of the piece on one side . 

KITT. 

N'o. 1 shall have one heart face free of all defects, and show rift 
grain the entire length of piece, but may have one sap defect on 
sap side. 

No, 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, either small 
pitch streaks, sap or knots on the face side, that will not prevent 
three-fourths of the entire piece being used as a whole for No. 1 
purposes. 

HEART. 

No, 1 shall have one heart face the entire length of piece, free of 
defects, but may have one sap defect on sap side. 

No. 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, either small 
pitch streaks, sap, or knots on the face side, that will not prevent 
two-thirds of the entire piece (as a whole) being usea for No. 1 
purposes. 

HBAET FACE. 

No, 1 shall have one face free of defects, except sap that will work 
out in dressing. Sound sap on the sap side is no defect. 

No, 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, either pitch 
etreaks, sap or knots on the face side, that will not prevent two-thirds 
of the entire piece (as a whole) being used for No. 1 purpose. 

Culls shall include all boards not up to the standard of No. 2 
heart face. 

STEPPING 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 8 inches and up wide, and 1, 1J4> l^ 
and 2 inches thick. 

No, 1 shall show three corners heart, and one face free of defects. 

No, 2 shall include all boards that contain defects, either pitch 
streak, sap or knots on the face side, that will not prevent two-thirds 
of the entire piece (as a whole) being used for No. 1 purpose. 

Culls shall include all boards, not up to the standard of No. 2, 
that cannot be graded as No. 1 and No. 2 wide boards, and all 
plank that cannot be graded as No. 1 and No. 2 planl^, 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 109 

WIDE BOARDS 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 7 inckes and up wide, and 1 and 1%, 
inches thick. 

No, 1 shall show one heart face and two-thirde heart on opposite 
side free from shakes and large or unsound knota. 

No. 2 shall include all boards that contain defects that will not 
prevent two-thirds of the entire piece (as a whole) being used for 
No. 1 purpose. 

CullB shall include all boards not up to the standard of No. 2. 

SCANTLING 

Shall be 12 feet and up long of the following dimensions : 2x3, 
4, 5 and 6; 3x3, 4, B and G; 4x4, 5, 6, 7 and 8; 5x5,6, 7 and 8. 

No* 1 shall show three corners heart and not to exceed 1 inch of 
eap on fourth corner, measured diagonally, free from injurious 
shakes, large or unsound knots. 

No. 2 shall show three corners heart, free from injurious shakes, 
unsound knots, or knots to impair its strength. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

PLANK 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, 7 inches and up wide, and li^, 2, 25^, 
3, 3^, 4, AYz and 5 inches thick. 

No. 1 shall show one entire heart face. On opposite face not ex- 
ceeding one-sixth of its width of eap on each corner free from un- 
sound knots, and injurious shakes, sap to be measured on face. 

No, 2 shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite 
side, free from unsound knots, wane and injurious shakes. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 3. 

DIMENSION 

Shall be 12 feet and up long, and include all sizes 6 inches and up in 
thickness, 9 and up in width, and 6x6, 6x7, 6x8, 7x7, 7x8, 8x8. 

No, 1, On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall not ex- 
ceed one-sixth the width of the face. When the width does not ex- 
ceed the thickness by 3 inches, to show half heart on narrow faces the 
entire length; exceeding 3 inches to show heart on narrow faces the 
entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured as on square sizes. 

No. 2, All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on all sides ; 
other sides shall be two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart entire 
length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the thickness by 
three inches or over, then it shall show heart on edges for two-thirds 
the length. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

Special thickuesses and widths in flooring and stepping, and special 



ilO MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 

sizes in scantling, plank and dimension, and Bchednle ordprs, shall 
be graded under the same inspection and measured full contents. 

Southern pine, oak and maple, and other dimension plank and 
timber ordered for special purposes, such as ship, bridge, car stock, 
etc., shall be inspected with regard to its intended use as No. 1, No. 
3, and culls. 

No. 1 shall be free of all defects that will impair its strength or 
render it unsuitable for first-class work. 

No. 2 shall include all other lumber of which not less than two- 
thirds of entire piece (as a whole) can be used without waste. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

SHIP TIMBER. 

Sbo. 14. Hewn timber and round oak and other timber used for 
masts and ship -building, shall be surveyed and sold as ton timber, 
at the rate of 40 cubic feet to the ton, and inspected as No. 1, No. 2 
and culls. 

HEWN TIMBER 

Shall be measured to square butts for length. In timber with 
raft pins or pin holes in both ends, one end only shall be allowed in 
measurement. If in only one end, and not injurious to the strength of 
the piece, the total length shall be taken. 

The full average size in inches shall be taken for contents midway 
of stick inside of axe marks not allowing o^er 1^4 inches of taper to 
every 20 feet in length, and not exceeding 2 inches of wane on any 
edge. 

No, 1 shall be free from all defects that will impair its strength or 
render it unsuitable for first class work. 

No, 2 shall include all other lumber of which not less than two- 
thirds of entire piece (as a whole) can be used without waste, and 
must show some heart for two-thirds of its length on all sides and 
be free from unsound knots, injurious shakes, and rot. 

Culls shall include all timber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

BOUND TIMBER. 

For measurement three-quarters of the diameter shall be taken 
for the side of the square, to be measured midway of the stick, or if 
of uneven taper, the average diameter shall be taken and the con- 
tents marked thereon. 

No, 1 shall be nearly free of defects and suitable for first-class 
work. 

No, 2 shall not contain defects that will prevent two-thirds of 
entire lengtti being used for first-class work. 

Culls shall include all timber not up to the standard of No. 2. 



4 inches, 


5 




6 




7 




8 




9 




10 


" a] 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. Ill 



OAK, HACKMATACK AND SPRUCE. 

Sec. 15. Oak, hackmatack and spruce knees shall be inspected as 
No. 1 and Culls. No. 1 shall include all sound knees of the follow- 
ing dimensions : 

Arm or Root. Body. Working Thickness. 

2 feet long. 4 feet long. 

2% " 6 " 

2^ " b% " 

81/, « 5% " 

S% '• 6 " 

4 " 6 " 10 " and up. 

. Culls shall include all knees that are unsound and not up to the 

specified dimensions of No, 1. 

• HARDWOODS. 

Sbo. 16. Hardwood boards, planks and joists shall be inspected 
as No 1, No. 2 and Culls. 

The inspection shall be from both sides of all boards and planks, 
excepting flooring and sheathing strips, which shall be insoected 
from face side and be 3, 4 and 5 inches wide, including 6 and 7 inch 
whitewood. 

All badly missawed lumber shall be graded as culls. 

No cull shall be considered to have a marketable value which will 
not work one-half its size without waste. 

All boards one inch thick, and under, shall be measured face 
measure, and all lumber sawed scant of intended thickness or size 
shall be reduced to the next standard thickness or size. 

All one-inch lumber shall be thick enough to plane 2 sides % Inch ; 
114-inch toplane2 sides 1% inches; li4-inch to plane 2 sides 1% 
inches ; 2-inch to plane 2 sides 1 % inches. 

LuiBber sawed for specific purposes, such as newels, balusters, 
etc., shall be inspected with regard to its fitness for the intended 
use. 

Tapering boards and plank shall be measured at one-third the dis- 
tance from narrow end. 

Standard lengths shall be recognized as 12, 14 and 16 feet. Special 
lengths, 6 to 11 feet, inclusive. Standard thicknesses, 1, IJ^, li4, 2, 
214, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches. Special thicknesses, %,y2,%,%, etc. 

All boards and plank under 6 feet long shall be graded as culls or 
measured for quantity only. 

Counter tops shall be 12 feet and up long, 18 inches and up wide, 
1> 134» iVi and 2 inches thick, and should be nearly clear of all defects. 

Squares, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, are not ex- 
empt from this inspection on account of width. 



112 MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 

Special length and sizes must be specified on inspection statement. 

A knot defect shall be equal to the standard knot whicb shall be 
sound and not exceed IMr inches in diameter. 

A split defect shall be equal to a straight split 2 feet in length, and 
parallel with the edge of the piece. 

A white sap defect shall be equal to 1 inch in width the entire 
length of the piece on one side. 

WHITEWOOD OR TBLLOW POPLAR. 

No. 1 shall be not less than 10 inches in width and free of defects, 
At 12 inches wide will admit of two white sap defects, and at 16 
inches and up, wide, four white sap defects. Face side to be perfect 
and free of knots. 

When 12 inches and up wide, will admit of one split defect. 

Black or discolored sap is excluded from No. 1 grade. 

No. 2 shall be not less than 8 in. wide, and free of defects. At 10 
inches wide will admit of two white sap or one knot defect. At 12 
inches wide, of four white sap or two knot defects. At 16 incht-s 
wide and up, six white sap or three knot defects on face side. 

In No. 2 grade a straight and parallel split shall be no defect. 

Discolored sap shall be admitted equal to one-half the width of 
white sap defects on face, but two-thirds of sap side must show heart 
face. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

Plain sycamore andbasswood shall be inspected the same as white- 
wood. 

BLACK WALNUT. 

No 1 shall be not less than 6 inches wide and free of defects. At 
10 inches wide will admit two sap defects on sap side ; if wider, will 
admit of slightly increased defects that will not cause waste for first- 
class work. Face side to be perfect and free of knots. 

No 2 shall be not less than 6 inches wide. At 8 inches, will admit 
of one knot defect on face side, or two sap defects on opposite side. 
At 12 inches wide, two knots or one sap defect, and at 16 inches and 
up wide, three knots or two sap defects on face side. The opposite 
side must not show more than one-third sap. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

CHERRY INSPECTION. 

The same as Black Walnut. Bad, resinous gum spots or blotches 
are excluded from No. 1 grade, but a few gum streaks will be ad- 
mitted. 

Gum defects alone in No. 2 grade shall not exceed the limit of 
knot and sap defects allowed in that grade, and combined defects 
ehall not exceed the same limit. 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE LAWS. 113 

Butternut and Chestnut tlie same as Black Walnut. Wormholes 
are excluded from No. 1 grade. 

Sweet Gum the same as Black Walnut. The sap is worthless and 
excluded from No. 1 grade. 

Quartered Sycamore the same as Black Walnut. Sap is excluded 
from No. 1 grade, face side. 

Ash, Oak, Maple, Birch, Beech, Elm and Hickory shall be inspect- 
ed as No. 1, No. 2, and culls. 

No. 1 shall be 6 inches and up vide, and free from all defects. 

No, 2 shall be six inches and up wide, and may have a few small 
sound knots, but two-thirds of the entire piece (as a whole) must be 
suitable for first-class work without waste. 

Culls shaU include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2 



Sap if bright and in good condition, is no defect. Heart shake, 
rot, dote or wormholes are excluded from No. 1 grade. 

Whitewood, Cypress, Black Walnut, Cherry and other hard wood 
strips for flooring and sheathing, are inspected as No. 1, No. 2, and 
culls. 

STRIPS. 

No, 1 must have one perfect face and two sound edges. 
No, 2 may have one bright sap defect (except Black Walnut and 
Cherry), or three small pencil knots. 

Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of No. 2. 

Sec. 17. Mahogany, Spanish Cedar, Satin-Wood, and other foreign 
hard woods shall be inspected as merchantable and culls. 

Merchantable shall include all logs or sticks that are sound and 
free of defects. 

Culls shall include all logs or sticks that are unsound and defect- 
ive, 

Logs may be manufactured somewhat uneven, but should be 
square butted, as sale measurement will only be taken to square butt. 

The rule for measuring merchantable shall be to allow a slab one 
Inch thick on one side of thickness, and a slab two inches thick 
from one side of the width. The solid contents of the remainder to 
be taken for sale measurement. 

Culls shall be measured full contents, one-half of which shall be 
deducted for sale measurements. 

Each log or stick contained in each lot or cargo shall be numbered 
and marked in regular numerical order, and on merchantable the sale 
measurement, and on culls the letter E, and the full measurement 
shall be marked thereon. 



114 YELLOW PINE MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. 

Sec. 18. Whitewood, Maple, Black Walnut and other hard wood 
logs shall, unless otherwise ordered, be inspected as No. 1, No. 2 and 
Culls. 

In measuring, the diameter shall be taken at the small end (inside 
the bark) in inches, in sections of 15 feet, and no fractions of an inch 
shall be allowed. 

No, 1 shall include all logs that are sound and free of defects. 

No. 2 shall not contain defects that will prevent two-thirds of en- 
tire log being used for first-class work. 

Culls shall include all logs not up to the standard of No. 2. 



YELLOW PINE MERCHANTABLE 
INSPECTION. 

As Adopted by the Southern Lumber 8c Timber Association, January 30, 
1879. Still in Use in Some Sections. Reported to the Publisher from 
Brunswick, Ga 



flooring shall show one heart face, regardless of sap on oppo- 
site side, be 'Jxqq from through or round shakes or knots exceeding 
one inch in diameter, or more than four in a board. 

Boards shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on oppo- 
site side, free from round or through shakes, large or unsound 
knots. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, free from injurious 
shakes, unsound knots, or knots to impair strength. 

JPlanJc shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite 
side, free from unsound knots, wane through or round shakes. 

Dimension Sizes.— All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart 
on all sides ; other sizes shall be two-thirds heart on faces, and show 
heart entire length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the 
thickness by three inches or over ; then it shall show heart on edges 
for two-thirds the length. 

All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes, and saw 
butted. Lumber to be marked with a knife. No multiples of 
lengths allowed, unless agreed upon. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 115 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 

Rules for the Inspection of Hardwoods adopted by the New York Lum- 
ber Trade Association, April 12, 1887. 



HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 

GBNERAIi INSTRUCTIONS. 

The question of determining the quality of lumber by grading and 
inspection is so much a matter of judgment, that the inspector must 
necessarily be guided in a measure by his own discretion, governed 
by the following rules : 

A Standard Knot is not to exceed 13i inches in diameter, and 
must be sound. Larger and loose knots grade the piece of lumber 
lower, as the judgment of the inspector thinks proper. 

Sjilits are not to exceed 13 inches in length in firsts, or one-fourth 
the length of the piece in seconds, in the aggregate, and not more 
than 35 per cent of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Worm Holes not admitted in firsts. 

Sha1t.es and heart boards and plank are not admitted in firsts, 
seconds, or rejects. 

Warped, twisted, flooded, stained, and stick rotted lumber is not 
marketable. 

Tapering lumber shall be measured one-third of its length from 
the narrow end. 

Thicliness.— AW lumber must be sawed square edged and be full 
thickness when seasoned. All badly sawed, mis-sawed, and uneven 
lumber to be classed as culls. Lumber sawed for specific purposes, 
and dimension stock, must conform to the requirements of size and 
quality for the purpose intended, and be so inspected and measured. 

Mill Culls are not marketable except by special arrangement. 

Log Run is understood to be the run of the unpicked logs, mill 
culls out. 

Standard lengths are to be 12, 14, and 16 feet, admitting 15 per 
cent of 10 feet lengths ; in walnut and cherry will admit 15 per cent 
of 8 and 10 feet lengths, 8 feet lengths 13 inches and wider to be clear 
and graded as firsts, and 9 to 12 inches, clear and graded as seconds. 

Newels, from all kinds of timber, are to be cut outside the heart 
and to be clear, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches when seasoned, 
and to be in lengths of 4 feet or any multiple thereof, 



116 Kew youk inspection. 

JBalusters. — To be cut exactly square, full size and clear, and to 
be 75 per cent 33 inches long; 25 per cent may be 28 inches long. 

•WALNUT. 

Grades.— FiTBtB and Seconds, Eejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be S inches and over in width; 8 to 11 inches wide 
shall be clear . 12 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing only 
on one side; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit of bright sap on one 
side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, show- 
ing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 
Inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide 
will admit of three standard knots. 

In any widths, not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side 
shall be sappy. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 inches wide 

shall be clear, or clear one side ; 6 inches and over in width shall 

include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, two-thirds 

of each piece being merchantable ; hearts, board or plank not ad- 
mitted. 

Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, 

one-half of each piece being merchantable. All other than as above 

stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

WALNUT JOISTS. 

4x4 to 10x10 inches. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound, and 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, phakes and checks ; 
10 to 12 feet lengths admit of two standard knots and two inches 
of sap on two corners ; 14 to 16 feet lengths will admit of three stand- 
ard knots and two inches of sap on two corners. 

These defects are based on 6x6 joist, and bear the same ratio in 
other sizes. 

Culls include all joist not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of the piece being clear. 

Other than above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

CHERBT. 

Grades.— FiTsta, Seconds, Eejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit of bright sap on one 
Bide not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot showing 




NEW YOEK INSPECTION. 117 

only on one side ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit of bright sap on 
one side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 11 
to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 15 to 20 inches wide 
will admit three standard knots ; in any widths, not more than one- 
fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy ; gum spots shall be 
deemed a serious defect, and, if excessive, shall lower the piece one 
or two grades. 

Rejects are to be 5 inches and over in width ; 5 inches wide shall 
be clear, or clear one side ; 6 inches and over in width shall include 
all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, two-thirds of each piece 
being merchantable; heart, boards or plank not admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated shall 
be classed as mill cuUs. 

Strips 3 to 7 inches wide shall be clear, or clear faced— the reverse 
side will admit of one-third sap or one defect. 

CHERRY JOISTS. 

4x4 to 10x10 inches. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound, and 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free -from heart, shakes and checks; 
10 and 13 feet lengths admit of two standard knots and two inches of 
sap on two corners ; 14 to 18 feet lengths will admit of three standard 
knots and two inches of sap on two corners. These defects are based 
on 6x6 joists, and bear the same ratio to other sizes; gum spots not 
admitted, except where very slight. 

Culls include all joist not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
haif of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

OAK— PLAIN. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide, 
shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit tv/o stand- 
ard knots, showing only on one side ; live sap admitted on one side, 
not to exceed one-tenth of the surface, if without other defects ; 
worm holes not admitted. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two 
Btandard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots ; 



118 NEW YOUK INSPECTION. 

live sap admitted on one side, not to exceed one-fif th of the surface 
if without other defects; worm holes are serious defects, and should 
cull any piece, where enough appear to equal one or more standard 
knots, according to width of the piece. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, nne- 
half of each piece being merchantable ; other taan as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

OaJc sawed through and through, not edged, shall be measured in- 
side the wane, and tapering pieces are to be measured in the center. 

QUARTERED OAK, 

Grades.— FJTBtB and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 10 inches and over in width will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side, or equal defect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot, or equal defect; 10 inches and over 
in width will admit two standard knots or equal defects. 

Strips 4 to 5 inches v^dde, shall be clear or clear one side ; worm 
holes in excess of the defects allowed for knots, and stained or 
discolored boards, not admitted. 

ASH. 

GF»'a<?e«.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 13 inches wide shall 
be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot, showing 
only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots, 
showing only on one side ; live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 30 inches wide 
will admit three standard knots. 

Heart, or doted boards and plank, will not be admitted in firsts and 
seconds. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear or clear one side. 

ASH JOISTS, 

4x4 to 10x10 inches. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound and 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from heart, shakes and checks ; 
10 to 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots ; 14 to 16 feet lengths 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 119 

admit three standard knots; bright sap admitted; the defects are 
based on 6x6 joists, and are to bear the same ratio in other sizes. 

Culls include all joist not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated shall 
lie classed as mill culls. 

Second growth ash, sawed through and through, and rough edged, 
shall be measured inside the wane, and in the center of the piece. 

MAPLB. 

Grades.— ¥ivstB, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall b© clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two stand- 
ard knots, showing only on one side ; live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 1.5 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide 
will admit three standard knots ; live white sap allowed. 

Heart or doted boards and plank will not be admitted in firsts and 
seconds. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantaDle ; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

MAPLE JOISTS. 

4x4 to 10x10 inches. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound, and 
free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots ; 14 and 16 foot 
lengths admit three standard knots; bright sap admitted; these de- 
fects are based on 6x6 joists, and are to bear the same ratio on other 
sizes. 

Culls include all joist not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated shall 
be classed as mill culls. 

CHESTNUT. 

Grades,— FivBts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit of two 
standard knots, showing only one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two 
etandard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit of three standard 



130 NEW YORK mSPECTlON. 

knots; worm holes in excess of the defects allowed for knots, and 
stained or discolored boards, not admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of. seconds, one 
half of each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

CHESTNUT JOISTS. 

4x4 and orer square, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. 
Merchantable must be straight, sound, free from hearts and 
shakes. 8 and 10 feet admit 3 standard knots, 13, 14 and 16 feet admit 
3 standard knots. Must be free from wane except that will admit 
one inch wane on one corner one-fourth the length. Worm holes in 
excess of defects allowed for. Knots not admitted. Culls include 
all joists not equal to the grade of merchantable, one-half of each 
piece being merchantable. Other than above stated are not mar- 
ketable. 

BIRCH. 

Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding one inch in width or one standard knot, showing only 
on one side ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side, 
not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, showing 
only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 11 
to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 15 to 20 inches wide 
will admit three standard knots. 

In any widths, not more than one-third of the surface of one side 
shall be sappy. 

BBECH. 

6fi'ade«.~Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 11 to 14 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit two stand- 
ard knots, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 11 
to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 15 to 20 inches wide 
will admit three standard knots. 

Culls include all lumber not eqiial to the grade of seconds, half of 
each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated shall be 
classed as mill culls. 



NEW YOBK INSPECTION. 121 



ELM. 

Grades.— ¥ivBtB, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two 
standard knots, showing only on one side; live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 13 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches 
wide will admit three standard knots. 

Live white sap allowed. 

C^ills include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-* 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
ghall be classed as mill culls. 

POPLAR — WHITEWOOD, 

Grades.— FitetB, Seconds, Common, and Calls. 

Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width ; 10 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear and sound; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of one inch 
of bright sap showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit 
two inches of bright sap showing only on one side, or one standard 
knot showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 inches wide shall 
be clear ; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of tvv'o inches of bright sap 
or one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of three inches 
of bright sap, or two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will 
admit of four inches of bright sap, or three standard knots. 

Cormnon is to be 5 inches and over in width; 5 and 6 inches shall 
be clear; 7 inches and over in width include all lumber not equal 
to the grade of seconds, two- thirds of each piece being merchantable 
or will admit of one-third the surface discolored sap, or all bright 
sap boards, when otherwise free from defects. 

POPLAR (white wood) JOISTS. 

4s4: to 10x10 inches. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
all defects, sawed square, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes, and checks ; 
10 and 12 foot lengths admit of two standard knots or two inches of 
sap on tvvo corners; 14 and 16 foot lengths admit of three standard 
knots or two inches of sap on two corners ; these defects are based 
on 6x6 joists, and bear the same ratio in other sizes. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated shall 
be classed as mill culls. 



122 NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



COTTONVt'-OOD. 

Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 11 inches wide shall 
be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot showing 
only on one side ; 16 to 30 inches wide will admit two standards knots 
showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to4)e 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 7 inches wide 
must be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 15 inches will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will 
admit three standard knots ; live bright sap admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

EASSWOOD. 

Grades.— First, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide 
sTiall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot 
showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two stand- 
ard knots showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches will admit one standard knot ; IX to 15 
inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will 
admit three standard knots; live white sap allowed. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable ; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

SYCAMORB. 

Grades.— Fivsta, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing only 
on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding two inches in width, or tw^o standard knots, showing 
only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 13 inches wude will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches 
wide will admit three standard knots; in any width not more than 
one-fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
ehall be classed as mill, culls. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 123 

QUAETBRBD SYCAMORE. 

Grades.— FiTBta and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inclaes and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide 
shall be clear ; 10 inches and over wide will admit of one standard 
knot, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 9 inches wide 
will admit of one standard knot ; 10 inches and over will admit of 
two standard knots. 

Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in firsts and 
seconds. 

Culls are not marketable. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special agreement. 

GUM. 

Grades.— FirstB, Seconds, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing only 
on one side ; 16 to 20 inches will admit bright sap on one side not 
exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, showing only 
on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 
to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches 
wide will admit three standard knots ; in any width not more than 
one-fifth the surface of one side shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

QUARTERED GUM. 

Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall 
be clear; 10 inches and over wide will admit one standard knot, show- 
ing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 to 9 inches wide 
will admit of one standard knot; 10 inches and over wide will admit 
of two standard knots. 

Sap and doted, or discolored, wood, not admitted in firsts and 
seconds. 

Cutis not marketable. 

Strips 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear or clear on one side. 

BUTTERNUT. 

€fra(^0*.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over. in width; 8 to 12 inches wide 



124 NEW YOBK mSPECTlOlT. 

shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side 
not exceeding one inch in width, or one standard knot, showing 
only on one side; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap on one 
side not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots, show- 
ing only on one side. 

Secotids are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide 
shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots; IG to 20 inches 
wide will admit of three standard knots; in any widths not more 
than one-fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than as above stated 
shall be classed as mill culls. 

HICKORY. 

Orades, — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide 
shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot, 
showing only on one side ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two stand- 
ard knots, showing only on one side. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide 
will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit tv\-o 
standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable; other than above stated shall 
be classed as mill culls. 

Second Qroivth Hickory sawed through and through and rough- 
edged, shall be measured inside the wane, and in the center of the 
piece. 

YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 

New York City Classification and Inspection of Southern Pine Lunrber. 

Adopted May 14, 1884. 

MERCHANTABLE FLOORING. 

1 inch and 1% inches in thickness, and from 3 to 6 inches in width, 
and shall show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart the entire 
length on the opposite face. 

Shall be free from rot, splits, shakes and unsound knots, sound 
knots to bo allowed as follows, viz.: Two knots in boards under Mi 
ft. long; three knots in boards 16 ft. long and over, of not over one 
inch in diameter, or sis knots if not over half an inch in diameter. 

MERCHANTABLE FLOORING PLANK. 

114 to 3 inches in thickness, and 5 to 10 inches in width, shall show 
one face free from sap, except on each edge of the face; one-half 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 1^5 

inch of Bap shall be allowed and two-thirds heart on opposite face. 
Free from rot, splits, shakes, unsound knots, and knots exceeding 
1^ inches in diameter. 

MEECHANTABLB WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall 
show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart entire length on 
opposite face. Free from rot, through shakes, splits and unsound 
knots. Six sound knots of 1 inch and under in diameter, or three of 
lYi inches in diameter, to be allowed in any piece. 

PRIME "WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall show 
one face and one edge free from sap, and two-thirds heart on the 
other face the entire length. Free from rot, shakes, splits and 
knots. 

MERCHANTABLE SIDINGS. 

1 inch, IM inches and 1^ inches in thickness and 4 inches and 
over in width. Sap shall be allowed on the face or best side (regard- 
less of sap on the opposite face, as follows: One-half inch on one 
edge on boards 7 inches and under in width, and one-half inch on 
each edge of boards over 7 inches wide. Must be free from through 
shakes, rot, splits and unsound knots, and on the face side the fol- 
lowing allowance for knots shall be made, viz. : Three sound knots 
not exceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards under 14 ft. long; four 
sound knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards 14 ft. long 
and over, or six sound knots not exceeding one-half inch in diame- 
ter in boards of any length. 

SCANTLING. 

Shall embrace all sizes from 3 to 5 inches in thickness, and from 2 
to 6 inches in width. 
For example: 

2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6, 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 
3x6, 4x4, 4x5, 4x6, 5x5, 5x6 and 5x7, 5x8, 
and shall show at least three corners heart, and be free from rot, in- 
jurious shakes and unsound knots. 

MERCHANTABLE PLANK. 

Plank shall embrace all sizes, from 2]4 to 5 inches in thickness, b 
7 inches and up in width. 

For example: 2)4, 3, 3)^, 4, 4}/^ and 5x7 and up wide. 

Plank 10 inches and under in width shall show one heart face and 
two-thirds heart the entire length on opposite face. 

Plankover 10 inches wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds 
heart the entire length on opposite face, except that on the heart 



126 NEW YORK INSPECTION. 

face 1 inch in width of sap shall be allowed on each edge for not ex- 
ceeding 4feetin length, and that in plank over 20 feet long and 14 
inches and over wide, wane shall be allowed in two places on the 
heart face not over y^ inch in width (measured diagonally), on each 
edge, and not over three feet in length in each place. 

All plank shall be free from unsound knots, rot, through and 
round shakes and wane, except as before stated. 

MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION ON DIMENSION SIZES OF SAWN TIMBER. 

Shall vary according to the sizes, and the sizes shall be embraced 
in four divisions, as folio svs : 

PIRST DIVISION. 

Shall consist of the following sizes, viz.: 

6x6, 

6x7, 7x7, 

6x8, 7x8, 8x8, 

6x9, 7x9, 8x9, 9x9, 

6x10, 7x10, 8x10, 9x10, 10x10, 10x12, 11x12, 

6x11, 7x11, 8x11, 9x11, 10x11, 11x11, 12x12, 
and shall be of the following quality, viz. : free from rot, unsound 
knots, and through and round shakes, and have two thirds heart the 
entire length on all sides. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Shall consist of all sizes of square lumber, 13x13 and over. 

For example : 

13x13, 14x14, 15x15, 16x16, 17x17, 18x18, etc., 
and shall be of the following quality, viz. : free from rot, unsound 
knots and through and round shakes, and shall show heart the entire 
length on all sides. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Shall consist of the following sizes, viz.: 

6x12, 7x12, 8x12, 9x12, 

6x13, 7x13, 8x13, 9x13, 10x13, 11x13, 12x13, 

6x14, 7x14, 8x14, 9x14, 10x11, 11x14, 12x14, 13x14, 
and shall be of the following quality, viz. : free from rot, unsound 
knots, and through and round shakes, and shall have two-thirds 
heart the entire length on the wide faces, and one-half heart the en- 
tire length on the edges. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Shall consist of sizes where the width is over 14 inches, and the 
width exceeds thickness. 

For example : 
6x15 and up wide, 9x15 and up wide, 12x15 and up wide. 
7x15 « 10x15 ^' 13x15 » 

8x15 " 11x15 » 14x15 " etc., 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 127 

and shall be of the following quality, Yiz.: free from rot, unsound 
knots, and through and round shakes, and have Iwo-thirds heart the 
entire length on the wide face, and some heart on edges, three- 
quarters of the length. 

All fractional sizes, not herein otherwise provided for, shall be 
classed and inspected the same as the next lower size. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

That all square dimension sizes over 10x10, 25 ft. long and over, 
and on faces of all dimension sizes over 10 inches wide and 25 ft. 
long and over, sap may run across for two faces for not exceeding 2 
ft. in length, and one inch of wane (measured diagonally) shall be 
allowed on two corners for not exceeding 2 ft. in length on each of 
these corners. 

HEWN TIMBBB. 

Hewn timber shall show some heart for two-thirds of its length 
on all sides, and not exceeding 2 inches of wane on any edge, shall 
be free from unsound knots, bad shakes and rot, and shall be well 
hewn, with not exceeding ly^ inches of taper to every 20 running 
feet, and shall be measured in the middle of each stick, full con- 
tents, with an inch and one-quarter hook, throwing off any fractions 
of an inch. 

In the measurement of Boards, Flooring and Sidings, one and 
one-half inches and under in thickness, the fractions of a foot in 
contents less than 9-12 shall be thrown off. and over 9-12 shall be 
counted as a foot. 

In the measurement of Merchantable Sidings, as to widths, they 
shall be measured whole and half in. only. 

For example: 4, 4^2, 5, 514, 6,6Vi in. etc., wide. 

MEBCHANTABLE KOUGH EDGE OR FLITCH. 

Shall be sawed from good hewn timber, and shall be measured in 
the middle, on the narrow face, and shall be free from injurious 
shakes and unsound knots. 

All stock must be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes and 
saw butted. 



128 CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LUMBER INSPECTION. 



CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LUMBER 
INSPECTION. 

In general use on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. 



GENEKAL REMARKS 

In regard to the manufacture of all kinds of lumber, whicli it is 
especially desired to impress upon manufacturers, and by whicb it 
is important that they should be guided, in order that their lumber 
may be in the best marketable condition and bring full value, and 
also as having an important bearing on the grading of their lumber, 
and which inspectors are specially instructed to take into full con- 
sideration as part of the rules for their inspection. Both inspectors 
and manufacturers should note carefully these remarks as to lengths, 
thickness, width, edges and condition, in reporting lots of lumber on 
the line of the railway for sale. 

Lengths should be 12, 14 and 16 feet; any other lengths should be 
made only to order. Sixteen feet lengths are preferable, and will 
generally command higher prices. All lumber should be made not 
less than one inch nor more than two inches longer than the meas- 
ured length. Ends must be square. Logs should be sawed off and 
not chopped. 

ThicJiness and Width,— All lumber manufactured for stock, or 
to order, must be sawed true, and should be sawed one-eighth inch 
over the measured thickness and width, except inch boards, which 
are required to be plump inch when, dry. There is more inch him- 
ber sold than any other thickness; but thicker lumber generally 
brings a higher price than inch, and wide lumber a higher price than 
narrow. 

Edges must be square and free from bark and rotten or stained 
tap. 

All Lumber, of whatever kind, should be handled with care, and, 
as soon as sawed, well stuck up, clear of the ground. Stickers or 
croES pieces, about three inches wide, should be placed between each 
course, one sticker to cover each end of the course, so as to prevent 
checking. If the lumber is 16 feet long, four stickers should be used ; 



CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LUMBEB INSPECTION. 129 

if of shorter length, three will answer. They must be placed directly 
over each, other in every course to the top. Boards in each course 
should have not less than two inches space between to allow of free 
circulation of air and hasten drying, and, when the pile is completed, 
it should be closely roofed over to keep off sun and rain. 

Grades will be called and known as firsts, or No, 1 ; seconds, or 
No. 2; culls, or No. 3, 

YELLOW POPLAR (WHITE WOOD). 

Firsts, or No, l.—To show not less than 10 inches wide of heart, 
free from knots, shakes, heart-cracks or other defects. Boards, say 
14 inches and up wide, admit of some fresh sap, according to width. 
Plank three inches and four inches thick will allow of a few pieces 
eight inches wide in a lot, if perfect. 

Seconds, or No, ;?.— To show eight inches wide of heart, white 
sap allowed on one side ; if 10 inches and up, two or three small 
sound knots, according to width, will be allowed; no shakes or 
heart-cracks. Plank three inches and four inches thick will allow of 
six-inch widths, or, if perfect, a few four inches to six inches wide, 
in a lot. 

Culls, or No, S.— Any width or quality that will not pass above 
inspection, in which is included irregularly sawed lumber, discol- 
ored sap, some shakes and checks, or lumber that cannot be used 
without waste, but does not include worthless stuff. 

Special specifications will be given for poplar flitches, chair and 
settee plank, and column, piano, coffin and coach-panel stock, and 
for extra wide boards or plank, when ordered. 

BLACK WALNUT, 

Firsts. — Not less than eight inches wide, free from sap. Knots, 
shakes, heart-cracks or splits ; wide pieces will admit of slight de- 
fects that would not be taken in narrow widths. 

Seconds. — Not less than six inches wide; a little sap, and a few 
small, sound knots allowed, according to width. No shakes or heart- 
cracks. If perfect a few pieces in a lot may be admitted as narrow 
as four and five inches. No lumber in this grade should c ut to waste. 

Culls, — Any width, more or less sap, and five to seven knots, ac- 
cording to width ; will allow of lumber that cuts to waste in working 
up; also irregularly sawed lumber; but no worthless stuff is in- 
cluded. 

In walnut of three and four inches thickness there is no stipula- 
tion as to the width; it will be allowed in the grading as above, if 
8x4 or 4x4, a few pieces in a lot; but stock smaller than 3x4 or 4x4 
should be sawed into baluster or chair stock. In some instances 
eight feet lengths are taken on above classifications. 



130 CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LUMBER INSPECTION. 

Special specifications will be given for walnut flitchee, newels, 
chair, baluster, counter-top and coffin stock, and for extra wide 
boards or plank, when ordered. 

ASH. 

In ash, fresh sound sap is allowed the same as if heart in all grades ; 
and, owing to the nature of the timber, due allowance is made for 
Btiaight splits from seasoning; must be free from heart-centers or 
dry-rot in first and second grades. 

Firsts.— Eight inches and wide, free from knots, shakes, worm- 
holes, or decay. 

Seconds.— Six inches and up wide; at six inches must be free 
from all defects ; at eight inches and over may have one or more 
knots or other slight defects, in accordance with the width. 

Culls.— Anj width or quality that will not be received in above 
grades, including irregularly-sawed lumber, discolored sap, some 
shakes and checks and dote, or lumber that cannot be used without 
cutting to waste, but no worthless stuff. 

CHEKRT AND BUTTERNUT. 

Inspection same as for walnut. In cherry, black-gum spots will 
grade it lower. 

BASeWOOD. 

Inspection same as for poplar or white wood 

MAPLE, BEECH, SYCAMORE, HICKORY AND CHESTNUT. 

Special specifications in accordance with the different uses for 
which these woods are adapted. Sycamore is used mainly for tobacco- 
boxes, maple for flooring and furniture, beech for carpenters' tools, 
hickory for wagon-stock, chestnut for house-finishing and furniture , 
and in chestnut worm-holes are objectionable in the best grade. 

WHITE OAK. 

Car Lumber. — Must be of good quality of fresh cut timber, free 
from large or unsound knots, splits, shakes, worm-holes or decay; 
square edges and ends ; sawn true to size, hearts only allowed in the 
square stuff, and then must be near the center. 

Merchantable, or Tie Grade, — Anything in plank or other size 
timber, free from rot and wind-shakes, but admitting of more knots, 
light splits, and other slight imperfections than would be allowed in 
car stuff, and in which the main requirement is, that it be free from 
any defects that will impair its strength and durability. 

The above is the general inspection, and in the main will meet tne 
requirements of the grades in oak now in most active demand. 
Specifications differ with almost every bill for this kind of timber, 
and much is dependent upon the judgment of the inspector, having 



CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LUMBEE INSPECTION. 131 

particul xr regard to the uses for which it is intended; but particular 
specifications accompanying bills, and on which contracts are based, 
must be strictly followed. 

WHITE PIKE. 

No suitable classification can be given herein that would meet an 
inspection which varies in every market of the union. 

The following may with safety be given as a general classification 
for white pine. Although, as stated above, this grading is suscepti- 
ble of sub-division for such uses as ths lumber may be wanted: 

Clear. — Any thickness in boards or plank in which the narrow is 
absolutely free from all defects, such as knots, sap, worm-hole?^, de- 
cay, and wind-shakes, and is sawn true and full; in widths of ten 
inches and up some sap on one face or edges is allowed, and in- 
creases in proportion with the width; very small, sound knots in 
wide boards being allowed in lieu of sap, but it must not have the 
two imperfections. 

Select,— BodiXCifi and plank (also dimension sizes if fully up to 
specifications) of good manufacture, small, sound, tight, red knots 
all wed, fresh sap no objection, but must be free from worm-hoies, 
decay, or wind-shakes. 

rom-mon.— Boards, plank, and bill timber well manufactured, 
free from black, loose, or rotten knots, bad shakes, worm-holes, or 
decay; in short, any imperfections that will impair its strength or 
durj,bility. 

Ctills. —All stock that will not classify with above ; but there is a 
grad^ known as shipping cull3 which is properly common lumber 
quality, and lumber that will not grade as common is almost worth- 
less. 

LOGS. 

The main requirements for shipping logs of any kind of timber 
are : That they be straight, ends sawed off square, of good color, 
thin, fresh sap, straight-grained and to all outward appearances 
sound. Logs that are somewhat defective are sometimes taken, 
with due allowance therefor. Specifications vary as to diameters 
and lengths required, as also whether with bark on or off, rou^d or 
hewn, and whether measured inside sap or mean diameter at small 
end, and whether, by Scribner's rule, solid contents or cubic. 



132 LXJlVIBEPv AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 



LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASURE- 
MENTS. 



In the United States, and also largely in Canada and Mexico, lum- 
ber, timber and logs are sold by the thousand feet, " board measure '' 
In this system called '* board measure," the unit is a piece twelve 
inches square on the surface and one inch thick. This rule is in- 
variable in all thicknesses above one inch, but nothing is reckoned 
a3 thinner than one inch. Thus a piece 16 feet long, 13 inches wide 
and one inch thick measures 16 feet board measure; apiece of the 
same length and breadth, but two inches thick, measures 32 feet 
board measure, while a piece of the same length and breadth, but 
one-half inch thick, measures 12 feet board measure, as would also 
any other thickness under one inch. A more correct statement 
would be that all thin (that is, under one inch in thickness) lumber 
or veneers is measured by the square feet of surface— by the super- 
ficial foot. The discrepancy between the nominal measurement 
and the actual contents of thin lumber is allowed for in the price. 

As a general rule, lumber must not be reduced by dressing one 
side to below its standard thickness. That is, lumber must be 
sawed slightly thicker than at what it is measured. Matched lum- 
ber is given the measurement of the rough lumber from which it is 
manufactured, though there are some unimportant exceptions to 
this rale, chiefly in the retail trade. 



ENGLISH AND OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENTS. 133 



ENGLISH AND OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENTS, 



In England, and other countries intimately associated in trade 
with that country, the unit of measurement is the " standard," 
with the higher denomination, "standard hundred;" consisting, 
except in the case of the Quebec standard hundred, of 120 pieces of 
the standard. The following table gives the principal standai da in 
use in England: 



W M 



1-1 CO r-l to C» lO 



T-1 eo i-< ©t IN 

M M M « M 



3 S 


1-1 












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IH ^ 




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" 


V. 


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M " 


H " 


£ 




•u 




-tj 




^ 


^^ 


O P 


*H 


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(N 




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w 








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13 


ca 






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I d 


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J3 










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G? 



134 ENGLAND AND OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENT. 

Quebec. — For details in regard to Quebec inspection, or 'culling," 
and measure ment, reference is made to the rules in full on page 53. 
Deals are generally sold by the Petersburg standard; sometimes by 
the number of pieces, Quebec standard. 

St, tToJin.—BattenB, deals and plank are usually sold by the 
thousand feet, board measure, or by Petersburg standard, and run 
from 8 to 36 feet long. All pieces under 8 feet are called " ends." 

Miramiehe and other lower ports are as at St. John, with lengths 
from 8 to 16 feet. 

London.— VivLQ deals are sold by Petersburg standard; spruce 
deals by London or Dublin standard; square timber by board or 
cubic foot, caliper measure. 

Liverpool. — Deals are sold by Petersburg standard; square timber 
by load or cubic foot, string measurement. 

Glasgow. — As at Liverpool. 

2>M&W».— Deals are sold by London or Dublin standard, square 
timber by ton, string measure. 



ENGLISH SQUARE TIMBER 
MEASURES. 



Square timber is bought by the cubic foot or by the " ton " of 40 
cubic feet, or by the "load" of fifty cubic feet; determined by the 
string or caliper measure, the latter being a disadvantage to the 
buyer of from four to nine per cent. 



LOG MEASUREMENTS. 



The rules in use for t' e reduction of round logs or timber to cubic 
feet or to feet board measure are numerous, but those given below 
are among the principal ones in use. The "string" or "caliper" 
measure is in use in Engiand or in ports which export to the En- 
glish market. The Doyle rnla is the most generally in use in the 
United States, having largely superseded the Scribner. The Lum- 
berman's "Favorite" is a rule which, avoiding the inconsistencies 
of the others, has increased in popularity within a few years past. 
The Cumberlana river rule is used in the section indicated by its 
aftme, and the principal market is Nashville^ TeuiJ. 



CUSTOM HOUSE CALIPEE, MEASURE. 135 



CUSTOM HOUSE CALIPER 

MEASURE. 



This rule is as followB : The mean diameter (in inches) squared, 
multiplied by the length of the log (in feet), divided by 183, The 
quotient is the cubic contents. 



LIVERPOOL STRING MEASURE- 
MENT. 



Rule. — One quarter of the mean circumference of the log (in 
inches) squared, multiplied by the length of the log (in feet.) 

As practiced in New York a fine cord is passed around the center 
of the log, making allowance for bark; the cord is then doubled 
twice, giving one fourth the girth. The length of the log is taken to 
the even foot, rejecting all fractions, and the girth to one-half inch. 
The contents are computed to the even foot in soft woods, and to the 
half foot in hardwoods, pitch pine being included in the latter. 

By English custom the mean circumference is the mean between 
the greatest and least girths. Example : A log 30 feet long. Allow- 
ing for bark, the girth at the top is 44 inches, at the bottom is 54 
inches. The sum of the two is 98 inches, making the mean girth 49 
inches. One-fourth of that is 13^ inches, or 1 foot and % inch. 
Multiplied by itself and then multiplied by the length, 30 feet, the 
product is 3134 cubic feet, the contents of the log. 



136 



CUMBERLAND EIVEB LOG SCALE. 



CUMBERLAND RIVER LOG 
SCALE. 

Showing the number of feet in any straight and perfect Log, from 
10 to 18 feet long, and from 15 to 54 inches in diameter. 

li in first column indicates length. 
DIAMETERS. 



li 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


31 


33 


33 


34 


10 


67 


76 


86 


96 


107 


118 


131 


143 


156 


171 


13 


80 


91 


103 


115 


128 


143 


157 


172 


187 


205 


14 


93 


106 


1^0 


134 


149 


166 


183 


201 


218 


239 


16 


107 


121 


137 


153 


171 


180 


209 


229 


243 


273 


18 


120 


136 


154 


172 


192 


213 


335 


258 


280 


307 



DIAMETERS. 



li 


35 


3d 


37 


38 


39 


30 


31 


33 


33 


34 


10 


185 


199 


316 


233 


250 


267 


285 


303 


323 


343 


13 


2;2 


239 


359 


279 


300 


320 


343 


364 


387 


411 


14 


259 


279 


302 


326 


350 


373 


399 


425 


451 


479 


16 


296- 


319 


345 


372 


400 


427 


455 


485 


516 


548 


18 J 


333 


360 


390 


420 


450 


480 


513 


546 


580 


517 



DIAMETERS. 



I. 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


41 


43 


43 


44 


10 


363 


384 


404 


427 


451 


474 


498 


523 


548 


573 


13 


435 


460 


485 


512 


541 


569 


598 


657 


657 


687 


14 


507 


536 


566 


599 


631 


664 


698 


731 


766 


802 


16 


580 


613 


617 


683 


721 


759 


800 


336 


876 


916 


18 


652 


690 


928 


768 


811 


853 


900 


941 













DIAMETERS. 



I. 


45 


46 


47 


48 


49 


50 


51 


53 


53 


64 


10 
13 
14 
16 


600 
720 
840 


627 

752 

877 


654 

785 
916 


682 
819 
955 


712 
854 
996 


742 

880 

1037 


771 

925 

1079 


800 

960 

112)8 


829 

995 

1165 


864 
1037 
1210 


18 























LOG MEASUREMENT. 1 37 



CLASSIFICATION OF LOGS AND RULES OF MEAS- 
UREMENT 

Actepted by Lumberman's Exchange, of Nashville, Tenn, 



Poplar Logs shall be graded as follows, and designated as No. 1, 
No. 2, No. 3, and "Cull." 

No. 1 Bhall be 30 inches and upwards in diameter, and fresh cut, 
green, straight, and free from knots, windshakes and other defects. 

No. 2 shall be 27 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter, and fresh 
cut, green, and of the same description as No. 1; or logs 30 inches 
and up in diameter, that have one to three small solid knots. 

No, 3 shall be 34 to 26 inches, inclusive, in diameter, fresh cut, 
green, and of the same description as No. 1, or logs 27 to 29 inches, 
inclusive, in diameter, that may have one to three knots, 

** Cull'* shall embrace any log not filling the above descriptions. 
All logs sliall be cut full length. 

The following rules shall govern all measurements for defects in 
Poplar: 

For a hollow log, two thirds of the diameter of the hollow in 
inches shall be deducted from the diameter of the log, and the hol- 
low shall be measured the long way. 

Old Poplar logs— that is, logs that have been held over from one 
season, or logs with the sap damaged or discolored — shall have four 
inches deducted from the diameter of the log. 

All logs shall be measured at both ends. Where there is a varia- 
tion of one inch in the diameter, the least end shall be taken as the 
measurement of the log. If a variation of two inches, the number 
of inches shall be divided ; if three inches the number of inches shall, 
be divided as if only two. If four inches, the diameter shall be divided, 
but if the difference exceeds four inches, it shall be divided as if 
only four inches. 

When a log is "edged" it shall be measured the flat way. 

All crotch or forked logs shall be cut off suiflcient to clear the 
crotch or fork. 

All crooked logs shall be classed as "cull" logs unless sufficient 
deductions are rnade for straightening. 

Spikes. Seller of logs will be held responsible for damages re- 
sulting from SPIKES or pieces of iron in logs. 

Brands, All logs should be branded before being brought to 
market. Brands defaced or changed subjects perpetrator to prose- 
eutipQ. 



138 



LOG MEASUREMENTS. 



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LOG MEASUREMENTS. 



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CJ 


35 


CO 


H 


CO ^ 


o 


CO 


t- 


cxj 


O) 


05 


tH 


O 

tH 


TH 


T-H 


CJ 
tH 


CO 
rH 


l-H 


m 


in 

l-H 


CO 




l-H 


00 

l-H 


35 


05 


55 




CO 


on 


CO 


CJ5 


CO 


on 


ir» 


r- 


ITf 


r- 


o? 


?-- 


o> 


rr) 


cs» 


(^ 


l-H 


CO 


f— , 


lO 


<75 


Tf 


f-^ 


f^ 




1-1 


r/) 




T-l 








r- 


co 


o 


CO 


CO 


35 




OJ 


35 


in 


c^ 


(T) 


Tt 




QO 


^ 


fn 


CO 


tii 


IW 


CO 


t^ 


f- 


Q(J 


05 


05 


o 


T-l 


T-H 


ir^ 


Qi 


CO 


-rfH 


Tf 


in 


CO 


CO 


<^ 


on 


a(j 


35 


W 






















T-l 




l-H 


l-H 


l-H 


iH 


iH 


T-H 


T-H 


T-l 


T-H 


TH 




1-1 




t^ 


05 


O |5« 


o? 


•* 


in 


CO 


r^ 


00 


35 tH CO 


;S?f^ 


CO 


^s^ 


m 


35 


r^ 




CJ 


(D 


Tfl 


a(j 


lO i-H 


<^ 


CO 


05 


.o 






CO O CO 


-H 






Of 




in 




f- 




CO 


^ 


O CO 


CO 


c- 


t- 


OJ 


05 


'-'•' 


O T-l T-l 
tH T-l T-H 


T-l T-l 


CO 
tH 


l-H 


'cr 


in 

T-l 


in 
1-1 


CD 


T-l 


t- 


00 


to 


in 


O 


lO 


OJ 


o 


r- 


m '■?« 


o 


O 


m 


o 


O l£- 


lO 


c-y 


^ 


r- 


in 


CO 


<— 1 


f^ 


in 


H 




f^^ 




CO 


05 


-^ 




?.» 










o 


c; 


c^ 


00 


CO 


35 


m 




CO 


n:^ 


CO 


Tf 


in 


in 


CO 


CO 


i-- 


ao |qo 


35 


05 


o 

T-H 


o 


l-H 


th 


l-H 


CO 
iH 


CO 

T-l 


1* 


■>*| 


in 

T-H 


CO 


CO 


t- 


H 


lO 


T-H 


CO 


OJ 


?^ 


(N 


?^ 


c» 


?- 


C» 


r- 


CO 


s? 


■* 


05 


•<* 


35 


■<t 


05 


-^ 


35 Tt< 


r^ 


CD 


N 


^ 


05 


in 


o 


CO 


1-1 


i-^ 


•r> 


CI) 


CO 


05 


r~> 


in 




CO 


Ol 


J^ 


ro 


GO Tf 


r~. 


in 


H 


CO 








CO 






00 








o 

l-H 


l-H 


T-l 


T-H 


(M 


CO 

T-H 


CO 


tH 


■^ in 

T-H T* 


CO 


l-H 


«i! 


T^ 


CQ O Oi 


T-< 


TtH 


CO 


05 


->? 


in 


on 


T-l Ttl 


GTI 


in 


CO 


Iin 


in 


8 


CO 


in 


|on 


c? 


?^ 


Hj 


^ ^ g 


(ij 


CO 


0!) 


CO 


C55 


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05 


>n Q 

35 O 


lO 


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CO 


QO 


H 


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lij 


CO 


CO 


f- 


<- 


00 


rt) 


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T-H 


c? 


c^ 


C.I 


CO 


^ 


Uf 


m 


iC 








1 










TH 


l-H 


iH 


T-H It-H 


T-l 




l-H 




!i-i 


T-H 




r\ 


CO [g 1^ 


Tl 


o 


Oi 00 


r- 


CO 


in 


iTtI CO 


IN Iff* 


l-H jO 


05 


m 


r- 


CO lO 


"^ 


CO I'.-O 


1 1 










CO 


en 


CO CO 


00 ,00 


CO ao 


<r* 


r^ 


c-> 


c- bj 


<^ 


Ci L 


M 


CO |M 1"* 


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ITS 


in CO 


CO 


c- 


c- 


00 00 


35 35 


Sis 


T-i 

T-H 


iH 


l-H 


(N CO 

T-H [t-i 


CO 
l-H 


T-l ItH 




c^!?S2 


7** 


o; 


-* 


05 


■* 05 


in 


O CO 


CO 


00 CO 


on 


CO ICO 


CO 


00 ICO 100 


in icj 










ttJ 


CO t- 


iw 


S> T-l 


i-n 


o in 


05 


^ 




CO 




SQ CO 


T-l ICD 








■* 


iCi 


kii 


CO CO 


j> 


t- 00 


00 


35 35 


05 


o 


It-H 


l-H 


tH 
tH 


It-H It-H 


CO ICO 
T-l irH 






CO GO 

CO CO 


in 


c- 


05 


1—1 


CO 


in 


.r) 


o 


CO CO 


O 'T* l-<* 


CO 


m 


o c» ■* 


ICO 10 


in 




CO 














c^ 




in 35 


iVl 






■-0 O ■* 


00 CO 
















CO 


?- 


t- 00 


00 GO 


05 


Oi 


o 


O 1-1 T-l 


1-1 iCJ 


c« 




' ■ 1 1 r 




















l-H 




T-l 




^ ICO liO |>o 
CO 1^ so CO 


S 


r** 


CO 


CO 


-r? 


S r' 


T-l 


o 


<-> 


05 135 


rf) 


on 


r- 


r- 


CD 






<-- 








CO t- 




lO 


35 


ffi CO 


m 




on 


Of 


CD 


O h*- 00 




^' 






1X3 


in 


CO CO 


<^ 


r^ 


f^ 


00 |oo 


m 


35 


35 


o 


o 


tH 1-h t-i 




1 1 1 1 1 
























iH 


T-H ll-H IT-I ItH 1 




Oi 


iii 


CO 


T-l 


1 


in 


m 


05 

t8 


1 

in 


Tt* 


?2 

CO 


1 


3 


g 

f- 


^ 


00 CO 

■^ 35 
GO 00 


CO 


o ?- 
t- o 

35 O 


^ l-H ;go 

■* CO l-H 
O O It-H 




































llH 




CO 


i 


T-l 

CO 


in 
CO 


1 






:3^ 


t- 

in 


in 


in 


CO 


s 

CO 


i 


QO" 
CO 




i 


■rti 
00 


00 
GO 


T-l 

35 


35 tH 35 

l-H 


o 




o 


coloi 


© 


H (M 


CO 


rH m 


CO O 


00 


Oi © 


iH 


(M 


CO tH 


»0 CD 


1^ 


no 


C7i 


© 




tL 


1 


r-1 


iH H 


H 


H iH 


H iH 


r-i 


iH 0^ 


(N 


(M 


N (N 


IM !(N 


C^ 


!>) 


(N 


CO 



140 



LOG MEASUREMENTS. 



Synopsis of Doyle's Log Rules- 



t>xjli^'^t:ei:e^ o:f 





10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


12 


~27 


37 


48 


61 


75 


91 


108 


126 


147 


14 


32 


43 


56 


71 


88 


106 


126 


144 


17X 


16 


36 


49 


64 


81 


100 


121 


144 


169 


19G 


IS 


41 


55 


72 


91 


112 


136 


162 


190 


220 


}iO 


46 


61 


80 


101 


125 


151 


180 


211 


244 


22 


£0 


67 


88 


111 


137 


166 


198 


232 


269 


24 


54 


74 


96 


122 


150 


181 


216 


254 


294 


26 


59 


80 


104 


132 


163 


196 


234 


274 


318 


28 


63 


86 


112 


142 


175 


212 


252 


296 


342 


30 


68 


92 


120 


152 


188 


2-6 


270 


316 


868 

















3DI-A.nv^ETES, OIF 




12 


29 


SO 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


56 


37 


38 


469 


5o7 


547 


^8^8 


631 


675 


721 


768 


817 


867 


h 


14 


547 


591 


638 


686 


736 


787 


841 


896 


953 


1011 


H 


16 


625 


676 


-729 


784 


842 


900 


961 


1024 


1089 


1156 


18 


703 


761 


820 


882 


946 


1012 


1081 


1152 


1225 


1300 


\^ 


20 


782 


845 


912 


980 


1052 


1125 


120-' 


1280 


1361 


1446 


b 


22 


860 


930 


1004 


1070 


1156 


1238 


1322 


1408 




' 


hi 


24 
26 


938 


1014 


1091 


1176 


1262 


1350 


1442 


1536 






1016 


1098 


1184 


1274 


1368 


1462 


1562 


1664 






28 


1094 


1182 


1276 


1372 


1472 


1574 


1682 


1792 






30 


1172 


1266 


1366 


1470 


1578 


1688 


1802 


1920 







Loa MEASDREMEKTS. 



141 



Synopsis of Doyle's Log Rule. 



3LOC3- IlbT HTCHES. 














19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 

432 
504 




169 


192 


217 


243 


271 


300 


331 


363 


397 


12 


197 


224 


253 


283 


313 


350 


386 


433 


463 


14 


225 


2n6 


289 


324 


359 


400 


441 


484 


530 


57d 


Id 


253 


288 


325 


364 


406 


450 


496 


544 


;^9d 


618 


IH 


280 


320 


361 


404 


452 


500 


550 


605 


661 


720 


20 


309 


352 


397 


445 


496 


550 


605 


605 


72«i 


792 


2 'J 


33^ 


384 


433 


486 


541 


600 


662 


726 


794 


864 


24 


3G6 


416 


470 


526 


586 


650 


716 


786 


860 


9 6 


20 


394 


448 


506 


566 


626 


700 


772 


866 


926 


1008 


28 


422 


480 


542 


606 


672 


750 


826 


9t6 


Qj'^. 


108u 


SO 



ILOC3- I1>T IlsTGiaiES. 



39 


40 


41 


42 


43 


44 


43 


46 


47 


48 




910 


972 


1027 


1083 


1141 


1200 


1261 


1323 


1387 


1452 


~'i2'' 


1070 


1134 


1198 


1264 


1331 


1400 


1471 


1544 


1018 


1694 


14 


1225 


1296 


1369 


1444 


1521 


1600 


1681 


1764 


1849 


1936 


10 


1379 


1458 


1541 


1625 


1711 


18uO 


1891 


1985 


2080 


2178 


IS 


1530 


1620 


1712 


1805 














20 




















1 2'J 




















1 24 




















1 26 





















1 2<S 


















1 SO 



us 



h06 MEASUREMENTS. 



D 

o 

CO 

I— t 
o 

GO 

o 

O 

>^ 









^ 

•» 


T«( 


3C 


CO 

CO 




^ 
^ 








05 
l> 


-T 


CO 

CO 


CO 


CO 






C<0 


05 

CO 


o 
o 


C-1 


lO 
M 

CO 


CD 
CC 

CO 


c 
m 




--0 


o 


05 


CO 




I-l 

CO 


CO 
CC 

© 


CD 




CO 

c 


-r 
CO 


■5 


-* 
o 
^ 


o 
o 


in 


CC 

© 

© 




h 
H 

(!) 


Hi 


^1 


CO 
CO 


CO 


CO 






CO 

in 


© 


1 




05 


CO 
CO 


CO 

co 


CO 


© 
-o 


© 

in 






CO 

•o 


c -* 
1 


CO 

CO 


CO 


© 




|s 




c 

CO 

?1 


CO 


00 


in 

00 




n 




o 

CO 
H 


O 
I— ( 


o 


o 


5 

CO 


© 

CO 


© 

© 

CC 


^ 
f^ 


00 

^*1 


O 
CD 

T-l 


H 


CO 


o 




CO 

05' 


© 

CO 


b 

H 

n 




05 
CO 


CO 


CO 

H 


CO 

c 


"(M 

CO 


in 
01 


GO 

l> 


>>1 


Oi 

T-l 


05 
CO 


05 
lO 


CO 


GO 

05 


CO 


a 

CO 




o 


in 




o 


CO 


© 
© 


i-i 






CO 
CO 


O 
© 


—1 
iH 


05 
rH 


CO 


in 
i-t 








CO 


CO 


05 


05 
© 
r-i 


C<I 


CO 
r-t 


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I—I 






05 


05 
CO 


05 
t> 


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ou 


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05 


CO 

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r-i 






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X 










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r-l 










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r-t 
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1-1 


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r-l 


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r-i 


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r-i 


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r-i 


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X 
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01 -^ 

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rH r-^ 




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in 
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t> 


r-i 
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in 


CO 
CO 
10 


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in 

X 

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r-i 

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X 


r-i 
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'•ZikS xzjii'O.EicxrE 



6filN(^LE MANUJ^ACTXJRE. 143 



SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 



The manufacture of shingles is practically the same in all sections of 
the country, and comprises the two classes of breasted, usually spoken of 
as shaved, and sawed shingles. 

Breasted or shaved shingles are, in white pine, usually eighteen inches 
in length, the standard thickness being five shingles to two and one-half 
inches in thickness at the butt, and one-sixteenth inch at the point. 
Sometimes, though of late but seldom, they are niade a full half inch thick 
at the butt. In some markets, notably as we go South, we fiud some white 
pine shingles twenty-four inches long, with butts of five-eighths and points 
of one-eighth inch. The cypress and cedar shingles of Virginia and fur- 
ther South are largely of twenty, twenty-four and thirty Inches length by 
one-half inch butt. 

A breasted shingle should be of full length with square ends, even thick- 
ness of butt, and uniform points, with no clips at the point. The dressing 
or breasting should be perfectly smooth, as though planed, and free from 
ridges or grooves. Nothing less than a standard shingle four inches wide 
should be packed in the bunch, although an occasional three inch is not 
criticised. The edges should be perfectly square, unless, as practiced by 
some first-class makers, they are uniformly beveled so that one edge will 
fit the next with a partial overlay. 

Breasted shingles are usually packed in bunches of 500, or two bunches 
to the thousand, the bunches being packed twenty-four inches wide (six 
shingles) by forty-two courses at each end. Cypress and other extra 
length shingles are packed in round bunches of 100 shingles each. Clip- 
ped and imperfectly breasted shingles are classed as No. 2, or Common. 
Shaved shingles of less than seven-sixteenths butt must be uniform and 
nice to be admitted to the brand of No. 1, or Extra. 

Sawed shingles are manufactured at different points, of different sizes. 
Michigan produces for the eastern and southern trade nothing but eigh- 
teen inch shingles, while the Chieago and western trade demands only six- 
teen inch shingles. Some markets use fourteen inch and even twelve inch 
lengths. 

The best sawed shingles are made from split quartered white pine, al- 
though the practice of quartering with a saw is an extended one. In the 
hands of an inexperienced sawyer a sawed block will often be made to 
turn out bastard shingles, which are objectionable, and, in fact, worthless 



144 SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 

upon a roof. Shingles should always be sawed with, and not across the 
grain. The inspection of shingles of all lengths is the same. Eighteen 
inch are always sawed five to two and one-fourth inches at the butt, one- 
sixteenth points, except on special orders for cuts of five to two inches. 
Sixteen inch shingles are cut five to two inches at the butt, with one-six- 
teenth inch points. 

There are so many designations given to shingles by various manufact- 
urers, that it would be impolitic to give anything but standard classifica- 
tions. Strictly first-class shingles are always entitled to a brand of XXX, 
and in bunches so marked should be found only shingles of full length, 
full thicknesses and uniform points ; free from all rot, shake, sap. knots, 
worm-holes, bastards or defects of any nature ; they should be packed in 
uniform bunches of 250 shingles, four inches wide always being a standard 
shingle. All shingles the manufacturers of which have adopted fancy 
brands, such as "Star," "Extra," etc., should come up to the standard 
given for XXX. 

No shingle should be packed in a bunch of No. 3 shingles which is not 
free from all defects, sap included, to such extent that the shingle is per- 
fect for at least six inches from the butt, and the defects from that to the 
point must be of a character which will forbid the passage of water 
through the shingles. These are by some makers branded "six inch 
clears," while a brand of " ten inch clear," or " twelve inch clear," denotes 
a shingle free from defects for the length indicated, measuring from the 
butt.. As a rule no shingles can be considered marketable which will not 
lay five inches to the weather in eighteen inches, and four inches to the 
weather in sixteen inches, without showing defects at the butt; eighteen 
inch XXX are usually laid six inches to the weather, and sixteen Inch XXX 
are laid from four and a half to five inches to the weather. 

It is not uncommon, however, to pack the coarse shingles in bunches 
marked No. 2, where the brands of XXX for the best, and X or XX for the 
clear butts is adopted. In connection with the brand "A" largely in vogue 
in the West, "choice A" is the equivalent of XXX, and is better than 
" standard A," only in some minor respects more fictitious than real, for 
anything which deserves the name standard is supposed in shingles to 
mean the best, and custom of many years' standing has decreed that XXX 
shall always be a standard or choice shingle. 

" Shaded A" may represent a clear butt of six, ten or twelve -Inches, but 
If the grade is below XXX, be it so called, or be it known as choice or 
standard, it is a No. 2, and its value can be fixed only by knowing to what 
extent the manufacturer looked upon defects as admissible in packing. 

The main defects in shingles of any length may be summed up as fol- 
lows: Bad sawing, the butts not running of even thickness, and the 
points being clipped or feathered. Bastard sawing, by which the grain of 



Shingle manufacture. 145 

the timber runs across the shingles in circles instead of straight with the 
length. Bad jointing, so that one end is wider than the other, or by leav- 
ing sap, no matter how slight, or any other defects upon a XXX shingle 
or its equivalent by any name. Bad packing, leaving open spaces between 
the shingles ; putting shingles that are defective in a bunch of XXX ; allow- 
ing sap streaks, small knots, shake, rot, bad jointing, clips, or shingles 
sawed thinner or thicker than their mates^ in a bunch along side with 
them ; packing shingles narrower than three inches, or a large number of 
that width in a bunch; mixing in hard, glassy timber, doty timber, worm 
eaten or discolored shingles. No brand of shingles need hope to obtain 
a good reputation in any market where the sorting and packing has not 
been as carefully performed as it would be if the buyer stood by the pack- 
ing frame and inspected each shingle separately. Manufacturers cannot 
too strongly impress upon their packers the fact that every shingle in a 
bunch must be, and is, by the brand, considered as warranted to be per- 
fect in the grade in which it is packed, and nothing will so soon take a 
half dollar off the price of a lot of shingles, as the finding of threb or four 
defective pieces in a bunch. When a roof is shingled, there should not be 
found a single discarded shingle among the debris, and when a manufact- 
urer brands his shingles with any of the marks denoting the highest 
grade, it is understood by the brand that every shingle is perfect. 

A word to mill men on sawing. Never allow a wood butcher to handle 
a shingle saw; he will spoil more shingles and damage your reputation 
more than you can estimate. Discard your shingle saw and have it re- 
ground as soon as it wears to fourteen gauge, unless you prefer to cut 
your timber into sawdust rather than shingles. The thinner saw you can 
use the more profit in timber. It pays to get first-class drag saw machin- 
ery and sawyers, as well as first-class shingle sawyers— a poor hand is 
dear, even if he works for nothing and boards himself. A jointer can 
make a difference of one-third the day's cut by putting the timber in the 
shaving heap, or by using judgment and trimming only so much as is 
needed, but always doing that. If you have more than two packers it will 
pay to keep an assorter to help and to watch them. 

"Weights of shingles differ according to the character and specific grav- 
ity of the timber from which they are cut. In ordinary white pine a car 
load of 22,000 pounds of green shingles wiU be about as follows : 

18 Inch, Green, 52,000 to 5o,000 I 16 Inch Green, 60 000 to 65,000 
18 " Dry... 60,000 " 65,000 I 16 " Dry.,. 70,000 " 75,000 

The above for an average. The writer has loaded 90,000 eighteen inch 
shaved shingles, five butts to two and one-fourth inches, shingles one 
year old, seasoned under cover, on a ten ton rate. One thousand shingles 
should lay one square, or a space of ten feet by ten feet. 



146 Hints to builders. 



Hints to Builders. 



STRENGTH OF BUILDINGS— THE ''NEBRASKA" SILL. 

Wi^h tbe increasing prevalence of tornadoes in the west it becomes the 
duty of carpenters and builders to construct buildings with reference to 
such unusual strains, and especially should this be done when it involves 
no additional expense. 

The " Nebraska sill " thoroughly ballasts the frame, where a stone foun- 
dation is used ; but if the building is set on posts they should be securely 
anchored at a depth of from 4 to G feet, and the sills bolted or spiked on. 
Sheathing put on diagonally acts as a brace over the whole surface, and 
requires no more lumber than if put on horizontally. It is well to run 
the sheathing from each side up parallel with the rafters, if at the gable 
ends, and at a similar angle at the sides. Roofing boards can be put on 
in the same manner. Studs can be allowed to project abo^•e the plates 
and the rafters spiked to the sides of studs. Partitions should be braced 
with waste stuff, and in such ways a building can be so strengthened that 
it can be rolled OA'er and over without coming to pieces, and the extra cost 
will simply consist in a few hours extra labor. 

Many carpenters do not stop to consider how the most strength can be 
obtained with given materials, but do everything in the manner that first 
occurs to them, or that will save a little' labor. Thus a carpenter ordered 
2x8 18s for the floor joists in a 12x18 room. When asked why he did not 
place them across the room, he replied that every carpenter would order 
18s, as it woiild save framing. A little knowledge of the strength of ma- 
terials would have told him that a floor laid as he proposed Avould support 
less than one-half the weight that the 12 feet joists would sustain, and the 
amount of material would be the same. In many cases, also, the desire to 
build as cheaply as possible leads the carpenter to use material of smaller 
dimensions than are necessary to gi^■e tiie required strength, and so 
roofs are often inadequate to support more than their ov>'n weight, and 
ceilings sink, cracking and disfiguring the walls. 

That all carpenters are so careless and regardless of true principles of 
construction, is not true, but there are too many, as is shown by the im- 
mense number of poorly constructed houses whose floors are sunken and 
walls twisted. A cheap bouse need not be a weak one. 




HINTS TO BUILDERS. 



147 



In some parts of the West and especially in Nebraska a framed sill lain 
use, which combines qualities that will make it of service to builders in 
many localities. The accompanying cut explains the man- 
ner of construction. A piece of 2x6 or 2x8 is laid upon the 
wall, and flush with one side of this a 2-inch piece of the 
same width as the joists is placed on edge and securely- 
spiked on, thus making the bottom and one side of a 
trough. These can be fastened before being put in places. 
The joists are placed with their ends upon the bed of the 
sill and agair.st the side, and spiked to both. The studs 
are halved down in this case 8 inches, and nailed to side of 
Bill and joists. The sides of the sill, running parallel with 
tt'O joists, are formed by two of the joists themselves* 
either set flush with the face of the wall and the studs let 
dov^n back, or, set back two inches and the studs let 
down in front. 




When the frame is finished, and before the floor is laid, the wall is buill 
up behind and over the sill; thus holding all in place, guarding against 
wind, as the wall must be torn up before the building will go; and also, 
incidentally, against rats and other vermin. It will be found fully as 
strong and much cheaper than timber. 

If posts are used for the foundation a modification of this arrangement 
will prove equally serviceable, The Mlowing diagram illustrates the 



148 



felNfS TO femLDERS. 



difference more plainly than words can. The principle on 
which it depends is explained at length further on. It is 
well known that a thin piece of timber put on edge, as in 
joists, etc., will support a much greater weight than if laid 
on its side. The strength of a piece is in direct propor- 
tion to the square of its depth and nearly inversely as its 
length. Thus it will be found that simply the 2x12, 8 feet 
long, without considering the support afforded to it by the 
walls, would have a strength equal to 4 2x4s 16 feet long. It 
might be objected that the joists 
would not rest on the 2x12 but on 
the 2x6. This is partly true, but 
the joists are spiked to the 2x12, 
and are nailed to the studs, which 
rest on the sill, thus binding the 
whole together. Particular care 
must be taken to spike the 2x12 
side of the sill to the 2x4 or 2x6 
base at short intervals. All the parts must be 
well nailed together, and especially the studs to 
the joists, and the sills to the posts. This form 
will have abundant strength and stiffness if the 
posts are not over 8 feet apart. A sill constructed 
in this way, of these dimensions, contains the 
same number of feet as a 6x6 sill, but will sustain 
a weight a third greater than the latter, if the 
weights are placed at the centers, but as the studs 
are fastened together by the sheathing, the weight 
will be partly transferred from the sills to the 

posts. It can also be made of any lengths that , _ 

will reach from post to post, and the cost can thus be made less. 




STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 

Materials are subjected in machinery and buildings to one or more of 
four different strains affecting their durabilitv viz. : 

iBt.-Tension, or aforce which tends to pull apart the fibres or particles 
of a substance ; such a force is exerted in tie beams, suspension rods, 
ropes, etc. 

2d. -Compression, or a force tending to crush the substance, aa iu 
cojumne, braces, arches, etc. 



HINTS TO BUILDERS. 149 



3d.— Transverse or lateral strains, tending to break apart the fibers, as 
in joists, girders, etc. 
4th. — Torsion, or twisting, as in shafts, screws, etc. 

TENSION. 
That property of materials which enables them to resist tension is 
called their cohesive force. The following table gives the force necessary 
to pull apart a rod of one square inch section of the various materials 
given. These results have been obtained from numerous experiments. 

METALS. 

POUNDS. I POUNDS. 

Brass 35,600iLead. cast 880 

Copper, cast 22,5G0;Lead, milled 3,320 

Copper, wire 30,900 Plat.num wire 53,000 

Iron, cast 20.000 Silver, cast 41.000 

Iron, cast. English 52,000 Silver, wire - 38.250 

Iron, wrought 60,000 Steel, soft 120.000 

Iron, wrought, Swedish 72,000 Steel, fine 135,000 

Iron, wrought, EugUsh 50,000 Steel, razor, tempered 150.000 

T . J 85,700 Tin, cast block 50,000 

iron, wire -^ 113,000 Zinc, cast 2,600 

Iron, medium bar 60,000 Zinc, sheet 16,000 

Iron, inferior bar 30,000l 

WOODS. 

POUNDS. I POUNDS. 

Ash, whi'te, seasoned 14,000 Mahogany 21,800 

Ash. red, seasoned 17. 800 Mahogany, Spanish 12.000 

Birch 15^000 Maple 10,'500 

Beech 11,000 Oak, white 15,000 

Cedar 11,000 Oak, Enghsh 10.000 

Chestnut, sweet 10,000 Oak, seasoned 13,500 

Cvpress 6,000 Pine, white 10.000 

Elm 13,000 Pine, pitch 12.000 

Elm, rock 16,000 Pine, Noi-way 13.000 

Fir, American 8,500 Poplar 7^000 

Lance wood 24,000 Sycamore 13,000 

Lignum Yitsd 12,000 Walnut 17,000 

Locust 20,000,WiUow 13,000 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

POUNDS.! POUNDS. 

Brick 290lMarl)]e 9,000 

Glass, plate 9,400;Morter. 20 years old 52 

Hemp, fibres glued together. .92,000 Slate 12,000 

Hemp, rope 19,600!stone, fine grain 200 

Ivory 16,000| Whalebone.... 7,600 

In practice one fourth of the above weights is taken as the strength of 
the material. 



COMPRESSION. 
The following table gives the number of pounds resistance a square inch 



150 HINTS TO BTJILCETvS. 

of the given materials will oppose to compression without permanent al- 
teration. 



POUNDS. 

Ash 3,540 

Beech S,360j 



POUNDS. 

Lead, cast i . 500 

Mahogany, 3.800 



Brass 6,700 Oak, English 3,9.50 

Brick 560 Pine, American yellow 3,900 

Cast iron 15,300 Steel 4ri,000 

Elm , 3,240 Stone, Portland 3, iOO 

Granile, Aberdeen 10,900 Tin, cast 2,880 

Gun metal, cast 10,000 Whalebone 5,600 

Iron, malleable 17,800. Zinc, cast 5,700 

As in tension, material should never be loaded with more than one- 
fourth of its utmost strength. 



TRANSVERSE STRAINS. 

Many experiments have been made to determine the breaking strain of 
difi'erent building materials. The average results are given in the follow- 
ing table, the pieces used in the experiment being uniform rods one foot 
long, and Vvith ends one inch square, supported horizontally by standards 
at each end, and the weight applied perpendicularly at the center. 



POUNDS. 

Ash ; 635 

Beech 677 

Birch 517 

Chestnut 450 

Elm 540 

Hard pine, American 658 



POUNDS. 

Iron, cast (extreme weight with- 
out making permanent change) .850 

Oak ..660 

Poplar, Lombard. 327 

Snruce, American 570 

Walnut, green 487 



As this table expresses the breaking weight of each piece it would not 
be safe to permanently load them with more than one-fourth the weight 
given in the table. 

Experiments have shov/u, and mathematical calculations demonstrated, 
that the strength of beams and girders varies, inversely as their length, 
and directly as their width and the squares of their depths. Thus, a 
beam 8 feet long will be only one-half as strong as one of the same breadth 
and depth, and 4 feet long ; and the latter will be four times as strong as one 
of the same breadth and depth, and 16 feet long. Two beams of the same 
length and depth will sustain a weight just in proportion to their width ; 
by doubling the width the strength is doubled. If two pieces have the 
same length and breadth their strength will be as the square of their 
depths. If one has twice the depth of the other, it will sustain a weight 
four times as great. A 2x12 8 v.'ill bear four times the weight that a 2x6 8 
will, the 2x6 8 will bear one-third the weight that a 6x6 8 will sustain. 
Therefore, a 2x13 placed ou edge will bear a weight placed ou its center 



HINTS TO BUILDERS. 151 

one-third greater than can be borne by a 6x6 of the same length. The 
abo^•e is not strictly true in regard to lengths, as the strength appears to 
diminish in a ratio greater than the inverse proportion of the length; 
caused, probably, by the tendency to bulge and twist in long pieces of 
timber. This error is provided for in the following rule:— To find from the 
foregoing table the breaking weight of any piece of timber, the length, 
breadth and thickness being given: Divide the breaking weight given in 
the table by the length in feet ; subtract 10 from the quotient ; multiply 
the remainder by the breadth in inches and that product by the square of 
the depth in inches. 

Example :— Required the breaking weight of a hard pine scantling 2 in. 
XlSin.xlO feet supported at ends.— 658-^10=65, 65— 10=55, 55x2x144= 
15.840=breaking weight, 15.840x4=3,960= greatest weight it should be re- 
quired to support permanently. 

Example :— Required the breaking weight of a hard pine sill 6 in.x6 in. 
X 10 feet, supported at the eiids; 658h-10=65, 65—10=55, 55x6x36=10,880 
=brealdug weight, 10,880-4-4=2, 720=greatest weight the sill should be re- 
quired to bear. 

The foIlov,ing dimensions, taken from the Liverpool Building Act, may 
be considered as standard sizes of joists for ordinary buildings. The dis- 
tances between centers being one foot, joists in floors, clear bearing. 

Exceeding 7 and not exceeding 10 ft. should be not less than 6x2 in. 
" 10 " " 12 " " " 6x214 " 

" 12 " " 141^ " " " 7x214 " 

u jg u u 18 " " " 9x2M " 

" 13 " " 20 " " " 10x2^ " 

" 20 " " 22 " " " 11x3 " 

" 22 " " 24 " " " 12x3 " 

As timber does not come in fractions of inches, when a greater width or 
depth is used than that indicated the distance between centers can be in- 
creased proportionally. 

TORSION. 

This form is very seldom to be considered in calculating the strains to 
which building material is subjected, and its discussion will, therefore, 
be omitted from this book. Its province is in machinery, and its effect 
on shafts, etc., must be considered, and made the subject of special study, 
by the mechanical engineer. 



152 RETAILER'S READY RECKONER. 



RETAILER'S READY RECKONER. 



The tables on the following pages wiU be found useful to retail lumber- 
men. They are prepared for the purpose of enabling the ready ascertaining 
of the number of feet and fractions of a foot contained in a given number of 
pieces of any size of timber ordinarily kept in stock, from twelve to thirty 
feet in length, and from 1x12 to 12x12 in size. The top line in each table 
shows the exact fractions over a full foot in each size. In all others, frac- 
tions under one-half are excluded, and over one-half added. To ascertain 
the number of feet in a given number of pieces of any size named in the 
tables, find the length in the top line and the number of pieces at the left 
hand and trace the two lines to their junction, where the number of feet 
will be found. To ascertain the feet in any number of pieces not speci- 
fied, add together the two or more quantities making that number. For 
example : To find the number of feet and fractions of a foot in twenty- 
five pieces of 2x4 sixteens, run down the sixteen foot column to its junc- 
tion with the twenty at the left, the number found there being 213 ; then 
trace the line from fiv6 at the left hand to its junction with the sixteen 
foot column, obtaining as the result, 53, which added to the 213 gives 266 
feet, the correct amount in twenty-five pieces of 2x4 sixteens. If greater 
lengths are required, double the figures in the columns which are multi- 
ples of those required. Thus : for thirty-two, double sixteen ; for thirty, 
four, add the sixteen and eighteen together. This process will give aU the 
lengths up to sixty feet 



retailer's ready reckoner. 



153 



1 X 8 or 2 X 4. 

Fractions over ^ added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


8 


913 


1023 


12 


13 13 


1423 


16 


I7I3 


18 23 


20 
40 
60 


2 


16 


19 


21 


24 


27 


29 


32 


35 


37 


3 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 


57 


4 


32 


37 


43 


48 


53 


59 


64 


69 


75 


80 


5 
6 


40 


47 


53 


60 


67 


73 


80 


87 


93 


100 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


7 


56 


65 


75 


84 


93 


103 


112 


121 


126 


140 


8 


64 


75 


85 


96 


107 


117 


128 


139 


149 


160 


9 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


156 


168 


180 


lO 


80 


93 


107 


120 


133 


147 


160 


173 


187 


200 


•■iO 160 


187 


213 


240 


267 


293 


320 


347 


373 


400 


no 


4u0 467 


533 


600 


667 


733 


800 


867 


917 


1000 


lOO 


800 933 


1067 


1200 


1333 1467 


1600 


1733,1867 


2000 


1X12, 2X6 or 3x4. 

Fractions over i^ added, others excluded. 


No. 
Fieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


2 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 


56 


60 


3 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


4 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


S 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


150 


6 


72] 84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


156 


168 


180 


7 


84| 98 


112 


126 


140 


154 


168 


182 


196 


210 


8 


961 112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


208 


224 


240 


9 


108 


126 


144 


162 


180 


198 


216 


234 


252 


270 


10 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


20 


240 


280 


320 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


50 


600 


700 


800 


900 


1000 


1100 


1200 


1300 


1400 


1500 


100 


1200 


1400 


1600 


1800 


2000 


2200 


2400 


2600 


2800 


3000 



154 



retailer's ready reckoner. 



9X16 or 12X12. 







Fractions over ^s added 


, others excluded. 






No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


IS 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


336 


360 


2 


288 


336 


384 


432 


480 


528 


576 


624 


672 


720 


3 


432 


504 


576 


648 


720 


792 


864 


936 


1008 


1080 


4 


576 


672 


768 


864 


9601056 


1152 


1248 


1344 


1440 


5 


720 


840 


960 


1080 


1280 1320 


1440 


1560 


1680 


1800 


6 


864 


1008 


1152 


1296 


1440 1584 


1728 


1872 


2016 


2160 


7 


1008 


1176 


1344 


1512 


1680 1848 


2016 


2184 


2352 


2520 


8 


1152 


1344 


1536 


1728 


1920 


2112 


2304 


2496 


2688 


2880 


9 


1296 


1512 


1728 1944 


2160 


2376 


2592 


2808 


3024 


3240 


10 


1440 


1680 


1920 


2160 


2400 


2840 


2880 


3120 


3360 


3600 


SO 


2880 


3360 


3840 


4320 


4800 


5280 


5760 


62406720 


7200 


SO 


7200 


8400 


9600 


10800 


12000 


13200 


14400 


15600 16800 


ISOOO 


lOO 


liiOO 


16800 


19200 


•21600 


24000 


26i00 


28800 


31200 33600 


36000 



4x7 and 2X14. 



Fractions over I2 added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


■ 28 


3323 


37 iQ 


42 


4623 


511s 


56 


60 23 


65 13 


70 


2- 


56 


60 


75 


84 


93 


103 


112 


121 


131 


140 


3 


84 


98 


112 


126 


140{ 154 


168 


182 


196 210| 


4 


112 


131 


149 168 


187| 205 


224 


243 


261 


280 


5 


140 


163 


187 


210 


233 257 


280 


303 


327 


350 


6 


168 


196 


224 


252 


280 


308 


336 


364 


392 


420 


7 


196 


229 


26! 


294 


327 


359 


392 


425 


457 


490 


8 


224 


261 


299 


336 


373 


411 


448 


485 


523 


560 


9 


252 


294 


336 


378 


420 


462 


504 


546 


588 


G30 


10 


280 


327 


373 


420 


467 


513 


560 


607 


653 


700 


20 


560 


654 


747 


840j 934J1027 


1120 


1213 


1307 


1400 


SO 11400 


1632 


1867 


2100 2333|2567i2800 


3033 


3267 


3500 


100 


2800 


3267 


3733 


4200:4667 


5133J5600 


6067 


6533 


7009 



HETATLER's ready riECKONEH. 



165 



2X12, 3x8 or 4x3. 

Fractions over ^2 added, others excluded. 



Ho. 

Fiecos 


12 


14 


IG 


18 


20 


22 


24: 


2G 


28 


SO 


1 


24 


28 


32 


36 


>40 


44 


48 


52 


56 


60 


2 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


3 04 


112 


120 


3 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


156 


168 


180 


4 


96 


112 


128 


144 


IGO 


176 


192 


208 


224 


24o! 


5 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


6 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


336 


360 


7 


168 


196 


224 


252 


280 


308 


336 


364 


392 


420 


8 


192 


224 


256 


288 


320 


352 


384 


416 


448 


480 


9 


216 


252 


288 


324 


360 


396 


432 


468 


504 


540 


10 


240 


280 


3-0 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


^0 


480 


560 


640 


720 


800 


880 


9601040 1120 


1200 


50 


1200 


1400 


1600 


1800 


2000 2200 


2400 2600 


2800 


3000 


100 


-400 


28003200 


'J000;4000 4400 


4800^5200^5600 


6000 



1X18, 2x9 or 3x6. 

Fractions over "^ added, olliers excluded. 



17o. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


10 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 28 


30 


1 


18 


:2i 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


39 42 


45 


2 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78: 84 


9u 


3 


54 


63 


72 


81 


90 


99 


108 


117| 126 


135 


4 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


156j 168 


180 


5 


-90 


105 


120 


135 


150 


165 


180 


195! 210 


225 


<5 


108 


126 


144 


162 


180 


198 


216 


234' 252 


270 
315 


7 


126 


147 


168 


189 


210 


231 


252 273, 294 


8 


144 


168 


102 


216 


240 


264 


288i 312' 336 


300 


St 

10 


162 


189 


2101 243 


270 


297 324! 35li 378 


4f.'5 


180 


210 240j 270| 300 


330 360 390' 420 


450 


20 


360 


420 4801 540| 6001 660 720, 780 840 


900 


SO 


900 


1050 1200 1350il500!l650!1800 1950 2100 


2250 


100 


1800 2100 2400 2700,3000 3300J3600 3900,420014500 



153 



retailer's ready reckoner. 



1X16, 2X8 or 4X4. 

Fractions over ^ added, others excluded. 



No. 
Fieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


16 


1823 


2118 


24 


2623 


29^3 


32 


3423 


371=3 


40 


id 


32 


37 


43 


48 


53 


59 


64 


69 


75 


80 


3 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


4 


64 


75 


85 


96 


107 


117 


128 


139 


149 


160 


5 


80 


93 


107 


120 


133 


147 


160 


173 


187 


200 


G 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


208 


224 


240 


7 


112 


131 


149 


168 


187 


205 


224 


243 


261 


280 


8 


128 


149 


171 


192 


213 


235 


256 


277 


299 


320 





144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


3H6 


360 


lO 


160 


187 


213 


240 


267 


293 


320 


347 


373 


400 


20 


320 


373 


427 


480 


533 


587 


640 


693 


747 


800 


SO 


800 


933 


1067 


1200 


1333 


1467 


1600 


1733 


1867 


2000 


100 


1600 


1867 


2133 


-400 


2667 


2933 


3200,3467 


3733 


iOOO 



23^X8, 2X10 or 4x5. 

Fractions over Iq added, otliers excluded. 



Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


21 


2G 28 


30 


1 
2 


20 


231-2 


2623 


30 


33 13 


3623 


40 


4 3 13' 4623 


50 


40 


47 


53 


60 


67 


73 


SO 


87 


93 


100 


3 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


150 


4 


80 


93 


107 


120 


133 


147 


160 


173 187 


200 


5 


100 


117 


133 


150 


167 


183 


200 


2171 233 


250 


G 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260; 280 


300 


7 


140 


163 


187 


210 


233 


257 


280 


303| 327 


350 


8 


160 


187 


213 


210 


267 


293 


320 


3471 373 


400 


ft 
10 


180 


210' 


240 


270 


300 


330 


360 


390 


420 


450 


200 


233 


207 


300 


333 


367 


400 


433 


467 


500 


20 


400 


467 


533 


600 


667 


733 


800 


867 


933 


1000 


50 


1000 


116711333 


1500 


1667 


1833 


2000 


2167i2333 


2500 


100 


2000 


2333,2667 


3000 


3333 


3667 


4000 


4333i4667 


5000 



retailer's ready reckoner. 



157 



2X15, 21^X12, 3X10 or 5X6. 

Fractions over ^2 added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


IG 


18 


20 


22 


24 


2G 


,s 


30 


1 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 




60 


65 


70 


75 


2 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


150 


3 


90 


105 


120 


135 


150 


165 


180 


195 


210 


225 


4 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


S 


150 


175! 200 


225 


250 


275 


300 


325 


350 


375 


6 


180 


210| 240 


270 


300 


330 


360 


390 


420 


450 


7 


210 


2451 280 


315 


350 


385 


420 


455 


490 


525 


8 


240 


280j 320 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


9 


270 


315 


360 


405 


450 


495 


54© 


585 


630 


675 


10 300 


350 


400 


450 


500 


650 


600 


650 


700 


750 


'40 


600 


700 


800 


900|l000 


1100 


1200 


1300 


1400 


1500 


SO 15001750 2000 


2250 2500 


2750 


3000 3250 


3500 


3750 


lOO o000|3500 4000 


4500,500C 


5500 6000.6500 


7000 


7500 



2X16 and 4X8. 

Fractions over ^2 added, others excluded. 



Piesos 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


32 


37^3 


4223 


48 


5313 


5823 


64 


69 13 


7423 


80 


2 


64 


75 


85 


> 96 


107 


117 


128 


139 


149 


160 


3 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


208 


224 


240 


4 


128 


149 


171 


192 


213 


235 


256 


277 


299 


320! 


5 


160 


187 


213 


240 


267 


293 


320 


347 


373 


400 


6 


192 


224 


256 


288 


320 


352 


384 


416 


448 


480 


7 


224 


261 


299 


336 


373 


411 


448 


485 


523 


560 


8 


256 


299 


341 


384 


427 


469 


512 


555 


597 


640 





288 


336 


384 


432 


480 


528 


576 


624 


672 


720 


lO 


320 


373 


427 


480 


533 


587 


640 


693 


747 


800 


20 


640 


747 


853 


960 


1066 


1173 


1280 


1387 


1493 


1600 


SO 


1600 


1867 


2034 


2400 


26G5 


2933 


3200 


3467 


3734 


4000 


100 


3200 


3734 


42664800 


5330 


5867 


6400 


6933 7469 


8000 



158 



retailer's ready reckoner. 



2X18, 3x12 or 6X6. 

Fractions over ^ added, others excluded. 



No, 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


2S 


30 


1 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 
156 


8 i 90 


2 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


168 180 


3 


108 


126 


144 


162 


180 


198 


216 


234 


252 270 


4 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


204 


288 


312 


336 


360 


5 


180 


210 


240 


270 


300 


330 


360 


390 


420 


450 


G 


216 


252 


288 


324 


360 


396 


432 


468 


504 


540 


7 


252 


294 


336 


378 


420 


462 


504 


546 


588 


630 


8 


288 


336 


384 


432 


480 


528 


576 


624 


872 


720 


9 


324 


378 


432 


486 


540 


594 


648 


702 


756 


810 


10 


360 


420 


480 


540 


600 


660 


720 


780 


840 


90(,. 


20 


720 


840 


960 


1080 


1200 


1320 


1440 


1560 


1680 


18001 


50 


1800 


2100 


2400'2700 


3000 


3300 


3600 


3900:4200!4r'00; 


100 


3600 


4200 


4800|5400 


6000 


6600 


7200 


7800 8400 9000* 



4x12 or 6X8. 







Fract 


ens over ^ added 


, others esclt-ded. 






Pieces 
1 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 

120 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


2 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


208 


224 


240 


3 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


336 


360 


4 


192 


224 


256 


288 


320 


352 


384 


416 


448 


480 


6 


240 


280 


320 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


6 


288 


336 


384 


432 


480 


528 


576 


624 


672 


720 


7 


336 


392 


448 


504 


560 


616 


672 


728 


784 


840 


S 


384 
432 


448 


512 


576 


640 


704 


768 


832 


896 


960 


9 


504 


576 


648 


720 


792 


864 


936;i008 


1080 


10 


480 


560 


640 


720 


800 


880 


960 


10401120 


1200 


20 


960 


1120 


1280:i440 


1600jl760 


1920 


20802240 


2400 


SO 


2400 


2800:3200:3600 


40004400 


4800 


5200 5600 


6000 


100 

\ 


4800 


5600^6400,7200 


SOOOjSSOO 


9600 


10400 11200 


12000 



Betailer's ready reckoner. 



169 



10X10 or 8x123^. 

Fractions over ^ added, others excluded. 



Flees 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


20 


30 


1 


100 


116 23 


133^3 


150 


16623 


1831s 


200 


21623 


233 13 


250 
500 


2 


200 


233 


267 


300 


333 


367 


400 


433 


467 


3 


300 


350 


400 


450 


500 


550 


600 


650 


700 


750 


4 


400 


467 


533 


600 


667 


733 


800 


867 


933 


1000 


5 
6 


500 


583 


667 


750 


833 


917 


1000 


1083 


1167 


liiSO 


600 


700 


800 


900 


1000 


1100 


1200 


1300 


1400 


1500 


7 


700 


817 


933 


1050 


1167 


1283 


1400 


1517 


1633 


1750 


8 


800 


933 


1067 


1200 


1333 


1467 


1600 


1733 


1867 


2000 


9 


900 


1050 


1200 


1350 


1500 


1650 


1800 


1950 


2100 


2250 


10 


1000 


1167 


1333 


1500 


1667 


1833 


2000 


2167 


2333 


2500 


20 


2000 


2333 


2667 


3000 


3333 


3667 


4000 


4333 


4667 


5000 


SO 


5000 


5833 


6667 


7500 


8333 


9167 


10000 


10833 


11667 


12500 


100 


10000 


11667 


13333 


15000 


16667 


18333 


20000 


21667 


23333 


25000 



10X12 or 8X15. 

Fractions over ^2 added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


2 


240 


280 


320 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


3 


360 


420 


480 


540 


600 


660 


720 


780 


840 


900 


4 


480 


560 


640 


720 


800 


880 


960 


1040 


1120 


1200 


\ ^ 


600 


700 


800 


900 


1000 


1100 


1200 


1300 


1400 


1500 


6 


720 


840 


960 


1080 


1200 


1320 


1440 


1560 


1680 


I80J 


7 


840 


980 


1120 


1260 


1400 


1540 


1680 


1820 


1960 


2100 


8 


960 


1120 


1280 


1440 


1600 


1760 


1920 


2080 


2240 


2400 


9 


1080 


1260 


1440 


1620 


1800 


1980 


2160 


2340 


2520 


2700 


10 


1200 


1400 


1600 


1800 


2000 


2200 


2400 


2600 


2800 


3000 


20 


2400 


2800 


3200 


3600 


4000 


4400 


4800 


5200 


5600 


6000 


SO 


6000 




7000 


8000 


9000 


10000 


11000 


12000 


13000 


14000 


15000 


100 12000 


14000 


16000 


18000 20000 


22000 


24000 


26000 


28000 


SOOOGJ 



160 



RETAILEJl's READY RECKONER. 



4X16 and 8X8. 

Fractions over ^ added, others excluded. 



No. 

Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


64 


74% 


8518 


96 


107 


117 13 


128 


13833 


149 ^8 


160 


2 


128 


149 


171 


192 


213 


235 


256 


277 


299 


320 

480 


3 


192 


224 


256 


288 


320 


352 


384 


416 


448 


4 


256 


299 


341 


384 


427 


469 


512 


555 


597 


640 


S 


320 


373 


427 


480 


533 


587 


640 


693 


747 


800 


6 


384 


448 


512 


576 


640 


704 


768 


832 


896 


960 


7 


448 


523 


597 


672 


747 


821 


896 


971 


1045 


UiiO 


8 


512 


597 


683 


768 


853 


939 


1024 


1109 


1195 


1280 


9 


576 


672 


768 


864 


960 


1056 


1152 


1248 


1344 


1440 


lO 


640 


747 


853 


960 


1067 


1173 


1280 


1387 


1493 

2987 


1600 


V0 


1280 


1493 


1707 


1920J2133 


2347 


2560 


2773 


3200 


SO 


3200 


3733 


4267 


4800i5333 


5867 


6400 


6933 


7467 


8000 


loo 


6400 


74.67 


8535 


9600 10667 


11733 


12800 


13868 


U933 


16000 



8X10 or 6X16. 

Fractions over Iq added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


80 


9313 


106 23 


120 


13313 


14623 


160 


173 13 


18623 


20. > 


2 


160 


187 


213 


240 


267 


293 


320 


347 


373 


400 


3 


240 


280 


320 


360 


400 


440 


480 


520 


560 


600 


4 


320 


373 


427 


480 


533 


587 


640 


693 


747 


800 


S 


400 


467 


533 


600 


667 


733 


800 


867 


933 


1000 


6 


480 


560 


640 


720 


800 


880 


960 


1040 


1120 


1200 


7 


560 


653 


747 


840 


933 


1027 


1120 


1213 


1307 


1400 


8 


640 


747 


833 


960 


1067 


1173 


1280 


1387 


1493 


1600 


9 


720 


840 


960 


1080 


1200 


1320 


1440 


1560 


1680 


1800 


10 
tiO 


800 


933 


1067 


1200 


1333 


1467 


1600 


1733 


1867 


2000 


1600 


1867 


2133 


2400:2667 


2933 


3200 


3467 


3733 


4000 


50 


4000 


4667 


533360006667 


7333 


8000:8667 


9333 


10000 


100 


8000 


9334 


10667 12000 13333 


14667 


16000| 17337 


18667 


20000 



eetailer's ready reckoner. 



161 



3>^14 or 6x7. 







Fractions over ig added 


, others excl 


Luded. 






No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


IS 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


1 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


77 


84 


91 


98 


105 


2 


84 


98 


112 


126 


140 


154 


168 


182 


196 


210 


3 


128 


147 


168 


189 


210 


231 


252 


273 


294 


315 


4 


168 


196 


224 


252 


280 


308 


336 


364 


392 


420 


5 


210 


245 


280 


315 


350 


385 


420 


455 


490 


525 


G 


252 


294 


336 


378 


420 


462 


604 


546 


588 


G30 


7 


294 


343 


392 


441 


490 


539 


588 


637 


686 


735 


8 


336 


392 


448 


504 


560 


616 


672 


728 


784 


840 


9 


378 


441 


504 


567 


630 


693 


756 


819 


882 


945 


10 


420 


490 


560 


630 


700 


770 


840 


910 


980 


1050 


20 


840 


980 


1120 


1260 


1400 


1540 


1680 


1820 


1960 


2100 


50 


2100 


2450 


2800 


3150 


3500 


3850 


4200 


4550 


4900 


5250 


100 


4200 


4900 


5600 


6300 


7000 


7700, 


8400 


9100 


9800 


10500 



7x20 and 10X14. 



Fractions over I2 added, others excluded. 



No. 
Pieces 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


20 


28 


30 


1 


140 


163 13 


18623 


210 


2331(3 


25623 


280 


30313 


32623 


350 


2 


280 


327 


373 


420 


467 


513 


560 


607 


653 


700 


3 


420 


490 


560 


630 


700 


770 


840 


910 


980 


1050 


4 


560 


653 


747 


840 


933 


1027 


1120 


1213 


1307 


1400 


5 


700 


817 


933 


1050 


1167 


1283 


1400 


1517 


1633 


3 750 


6 


840 


980 


1120 


1260 


1400 


1540 


1680 


1820 


1960 


2100 


7 


980 


1143 


1307 1470 


1633 


1797 


1960 


2123 


2287 


2450 


8 


1120 


1307 


1493 


1680 


1867 


2053 


2240 


2427 


2613 


2800 


9 


1260 


1470 


1680 


1890 


2100 


2310 


2520 


2730 


2940 


3150 


10 


1400 


1633 


1867 


2100 


2333 


2567 


2800 


3033 


3267 


3500 


20 


2800 


3267 


3733 


4200 


4667 


5133 


5600 


6067 


6533 


7000 


SO 


7000 


8167 


9333 


10500 


11667 


12833 


14000 


15167 


16333 


17500 


100 


14000 


16333, 


18667 


21000 


23333 


25667 


28000 30338 


32667 


35000 



162 mechanics' lien laws. 



Laws of Mechanics' Liens. 



ARKANSAS. 

Digest of Statutes I88i. Section M02, ii2i. 

Every mechanic, builder, artisan, laborer or other person, includ- 
ing contractors, sub-contractors and material f urnishera, who shall 
perform any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or 
fixtures for, any building, erection or other improvement upon land, 
by virtue of any contract, express or implied, with the owner thereof 
or his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have for 
his work done, or materials, etc., furnished, a lien upon such build- 
ing, etc., and upon the land belonging to its owner, and upon which 
it stands. 

A sub-contractor to obtain such lien shall, before he commences 
•work or furnishes materials, give notice to the owner of hi^ intention 
and the probable value of the work, etc., he will do. If after his 
contract is carried out he shall settle with the contractor in writing, 
and the settlement being certified by the contractor to be correct, 
the sub-contractor shall present it to the owner, etc., and within 60 
days from the time his contract shall have been completed, the sub- 
contractor shall file with the clerk of the circuit court a copy of the 
settlement between him and the contractor ; it shall be a lien upon 
the building, erection or improvement for which the things were 
furnished or the labor done. Then the employer shall become the 
surety of the contractor to the sub-contractor for the amount due for 
such service rendered. 

Every person, except a sub-contractor, who wishes to avail himself 
of the advantages of lien shall within 90 days after the service has 
been rendered, file with the clerk of the circuit court a full statement 
of the amount due him, and a correct description of the property to 
be charged with said lien verified by aflSdavit. 

Liens shall be paid pro rata, except that the lien of a sub-contractor 
shall be paid before that of a contractor. Land not exceeding two 
acres lying conveniently around said building shall be subject to the 
above lien. The sale of property charged with a lien shall not 
affect previous encumbrances duly recorded, or of which the lien 
holders had due notice. No lien shall be for a greater amount than 
that stipulated in the original contract. 

Sub-contractors must bring suit within 6 months, and all others 
within 9 months from the time of filing account. 



MECHANICS* LIEN LAWS. 163 

CONNECTICUT. 

General Statutes, 1888. Ch. 186, Sections 8018, 3030, 
Any person furnishing material or rendering services to an amount 
exceeding $25 in the construction or repair of any building or appur- 
tenance may have a lien on such building and on the land on which it 
stands, such liens to take precedence of subsequent encumbrances ; 
provided, that no such lien shall attach to any estate not owned by 
the party against whom such claim exists. A person wishing to 
obtain such lien shall file with the town clerk, within 60 days after 
services rendered, acertificate in writing, describing the premises, the 
amount of the claim and the date of the commencement. 

No person other than the original contractor for the building, or a 
sub-contractor, whose contract with such original contractor is in 
writing, and has been assented to, in writing, by the other party to 
such original contract, shall be entitled to claim any such lien, unless 
he shall, within 60 days from the time he commenced to render the 
service, give written notice to the owner of the building, that he has 
so commenced to furnish materials, or render services, and intends 
to claim a lien therefor on said building. The aggregate of such liens 
shall not hold to a greater extent than the price which the owner 
agreed to pay for such building and appurtenances. Sub-contractors 
are p aid joro ra^a, and have priority over the principal contractor. 
No mechanic's lien shall continue in force for more than two years, 
unless suit shall have been brought within that time. 

There is a lien on vessels by virtue of materials furnished or ser- 
vice rendered exceeding $20 in amount. Liens for mariners' wages 
have preference. 

ILLINOIS. 
JRevised Statutes 1887. Ch. 82, Sections l to 47. 

Any person, who shall by contract, express or implied, with the 
owner of land, furnish labor or materials or services as an architect 
or superintendent in building, altering, repairing or ornamenting 
any building or appurtenances thereto, shall have a lien upon the 
land and upon such building and appurtenances for the amount due 
him for such labor, material or services. 

When the contract is expressed no lien shall Le created if the time 
stipulated for the completion of the work is beyond three years from 
its commencement. Where the contract is implied no lienjShall be 
had unless the work shall be done or materials furnished within one 
year from the commencement of the work. 

Every person wishing to avail himself of the provisions of this act 



164 mechanics' lien laws. 

Bhall file with the clerk of the circuit court a statement of the account 
due him, and containing a correct description of the property to be 
charged with the lien, verified by affidavit. Any person having filed 
such a claim may bring suit at once to enforce the same. 

Priority is given the lien on the building, etc., erected, 

No creditor shall be allowed to enforce the lien to the prejudice of 
other creditors, encumbrancers or purchasers, unless his claim shall 
have been filed with the clerk within four months after the last pay- 
ment shall have become due and payable. Suit must be commenced 
within two years after filing such claim. 

Every sub-contractor, mechanic, M'orkman or other person who 
shall in pursuance of the purposes of the original contract furnish 
any labor or materials is given a lien to the extent of the interest of 
the owner at the time of the making of the original contract. The 
aggregate of all liens shall not exceed the original contract price. 
Suit must be commenced to enforce the lien in behalf of sub-con- 
tractors, etc., within 3 months from the performance of the sub- 
contract. Such Bub-contractors, etc., must serve a notice on the 
owner substantially in the following form : 

To You are hereby notified that I have been employed by 

.. to (here state whether to labor or furnish material, and sub- 
stantially the nature of the undertaking or demand) upon your 
(here state the building and where situated, in general terms) and 
that I shall hold the (building, or as the case may be) and your in- 
terest in the grounds liable for the amount that (is or may become) 
due me on account thereof. 
Date Signature - 

If the sub-contract is in writing a copy of it, if it can be obtained, 
must be served with such notice within forty days from the comple- 
tion of such sub-contract or within forty days after payment should 
have been made. The owner may retain money to pay claims of 
which notice is given to him. 



INDIANA. 
From Bevised Statutes of 1883, Ch. 115. 
Persons performing labor or furnishing materials for the construc- 
tion or repair of any building, may have a lien, separately or jointly, 
upon the building which they may have constructed or repaired, and 
on the interest of the owner in the lot or land on which it stands, to 
the extent of the value of the labor done, or materials furnished, or 
for both. 
The provisions of this act shall extend to work done on any new 



MECHANICS*^ LIEN LAWS. 165 



building; and to a contract entered into with the owner of asy build- 
ing for repairs, provided such are- furnished with the consent of the 
owner of the land on which the building may be situated, but not to 
any contract made to the tenant, except only to the extent of his 
interest. 

To acquire lien any person furnishing labor, etc., to contractor 
must notify owner or his agent before or at the time labor, etc., is 
furnished, that he is so doing, and any such persons wishing to 
c btain a mechanic's lien may give notice in writing to the owner of 
the amount of his claim, and what are the services for which his 
employer is indebted to him. The owner shall be liable for such 
claim, not to exceed the amount due or to become due from him to 
the employer, which claim may be recovered in an action whenever 
an amount equal to such claim over other claims having priority 
shall be due from such owner to the employer ; and any sub con- 
tractor by giving notice as above of the amount of labor or mate- 
rials he has engaged to furnish, shall have the same claim against 
the owner for service rendered after the notice is given, as is given 
above to mechanics, etc. Whenever action is brought against an 
owner, all sub-contractors, journeymen and laborers who have given 
due notice, as required, may become parties to such action, and, 
upon judgment, the amount collected shall be divided pro rata. 

The person wishing to obtain such lien shall, also, file in the re- 
corder's office, within 60 days after completion, whether his claim 
be due or not, notice of his intention to hold a lien, setting forth 
the amount claimed, and time when labor, etc., began to be fur- 
nished, and shall have precedence over all subseqaent claims except 
other mechanic's and material-men's liens. 

Any person having such lien may enforce it in the circuit court, or 
court of common pleas of the county in which the service was rend- 
ered, within one year from the completion of the work or expiration 
of credit if given. The court rendering judgment shall order the 
sale to be made, such sale to be without predjudice to the rights of 
any prior encumbrancer, owner or other persons not parties to the 
action. 

All boats, vessels and water-craft of every description, found In 
waters of this state, including wharf -boats and floating warehouses, 
which are liable to be removed from place to place, are liable : 1. J 
For all debts contracted either within or without the state. 2 —For 
all damages arising from neglect of contract entered into in connec- 
tion with the business of such boat, etc. 3.-For all injuries done 
to persons and property by such boat, etc., or by owners, officers or 
crew doiie in connection with the business of the same. Claims i| 



166 MECHANICS' LIEN LAWS. 

growing out of the above causes, are liens upon the boat, etc. 
Among such liens, mariner's and boatmen's wages stall be pre- 
ferred. (Act of March 29, 1879.) 

In ca^e of settlement by process of law of the business of any 
company, corporation, person or persons, debts owing to laborers 
or employes shall have preference to the extent of $50 for labor 
performed within six months next preceding such seizure, or if not 
enough to satisfy, they shall be paid pro rata. 

Decisions, Etc. — The construction of a pavement abutting on a lot 
is not embraced in the mechanics'' lien law. To make the property 
of a married woman subject to the mechanics'' lien law, she must 
have done what would have made her personally liable as an unmar- 
ried woman. A prior mortgage, as also dower interest, is equivalent 
to a mechanics'' lien. 

A mechanics' lien can be enforced for work done and materials 
furnished in the erection of a scboolhouse, built by order and con- 
tract of a trustee. A lien on a boat cannot be lost by delay, if there 
was noJopportunity to enforce it. 



IOWA, 

From McLain's Annotated Statutes. Revision of 1880. Page 596. 

Every mechanic or other person who shall perform any labor on, 
or furnish any materials, machinery, or fixtures for, any building, 
erection or other improvement upon land (including those engaged 
in the construction or repair of any work of Internal Improvement) 
by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, con- 
tractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien upon such buildings, 
etc., and upon the land belonging to such owner upon which they 
may be situated, to secure payment for such labor done, or materials, 
etc., furnished. The entire land is subject to the above liens to the 
full extent of the owner's interest therein when such service was 
rendered for his benefit. When the owner of the building has only 
a lease-hold interest in the land, the forfeiture of such interest shall 
not impair the lien on the building, which may be sold to satisfy the 
same, and removed 30 days after the sale. "When such service shall 
have been rendered in the construction, repair or equipment of 
any railroad, canal, viaduct, or other similar improvement, the lien 
shall extend to the erection, excavations, embankments, bridges, 
road-bed, and all lands upon which they may be situated, except the 
right of way, and these shall constitute the building, erection, or 
improvement mentioned in the statute. 

Exerj person wishing to obtain such a lien shall file wjth the clerlg 



MECBANIGS'' LIEN LAWS. 1G7 

of the district court of the county in which the building, etc., may 
be situated a just and true statement of the amount due him, after 
allowing all credits, stating the time when such service was rendered, 
and when completed, and containing a correct description of the 
property to be charged with the lien, and verified by affidavit. 

Such statement must be filed by a principal contractor within 90 
days, and by a sub-contractor within 30 days, from the completion of 
the contract. Where the claim is upon a miiroad, it may be filed 
within 60 days after the last day of the month in which the service 
was rendered. A failure to file the claim within the periods men- 
tioned, shall not defeat the lien, except where it may concern pur- 
chasers and encumbrancers in good faith, without notice, whose 
rights accrued after the expiration of the required period, and before 
the claim was filed. 

To preserve his lien as against the owner, and to prevent payments 
by the latter to the principal contractor, or to intermediate sub-con- 
tractors, the sub-contractor must, within the period mentioned in the 
preceding clause, serve a written notice, of the filing of such claim, 
on the owner, etc. When filed and served after the expiration of the 
30 days, the lien shall be enforced only to. the extent of the balance 
due from the owner to the principal contractor at the time of such 
service. 

The mechanics' lien provided for in this statute shall take priority 
as follows: First.— Aa between themselves, in the order of filing 
the statement. Second. — They shall take priority to all garnishments 
made upon the owner for the contract debt. Third.— 'VhQ-y shall 
have priority to all other subsequent liens and encumbrances, except 
as before given, when the statement is filed after the specified time. 
Fourth. — If there were previous encumbrances upon the la,nd, such 
claims shall have preference as to the value of the land, while the 
lien provided for in this statute shall have preference as to the value 
of the improvement, if it be a new one. If the service rendered be for 
repairs, the prior encumbrance has preference as to the value of the 
property, before the repairs were begun, and the lien has preference 
as to the value of the repairs as compared to the previous value of 
the property. Where the improvement is a separate building that 
can be removed,it may be sold by order of court. If the premises 
must be sold as a whole, the court will adjust the several claims as 
above. 

Upon the written demand of the owner, etc., the person claiming 
the lien shall commence suit, to enforce such lien, in the district or 
circuit court, within 30 days thereafter. 
Pefinitio?is and Decisions.— All persons furnishing materials £ii^^ 



168 mechanics' lien laws. 

doing work as above, except those that have contracts directly with 
the owner, proprietor, agent or trustee, shall be consicered sub-con- 
tractors. The contract need not bo express, or in writing, A hus- 
band cannot act in regard to his wife's property without her consent. 
A lien attaches to the building and not to the material furnished. 
A person furnishing material under contract has a lien for all the 
material famished, whether used or not. A laborer employed by a 
sub-contractor, whemthe latter has been paid in full by the con- 
tractor, cannot enforce a lien against the owner. 



KANSAS. 
Compiled Laws of 1885. Sections 4U7-545i. 

Any mechanic or other person who shall, under contract with the 
owner of any piece of land, his agent or trustee, or under contract 
with the husband or wife of such owner, perform labor or furnish 
material for erecting, altering or repairing any building or the ap- 
purtenances of any building, or any erection or improvement, or 
shall furnish or perform labor in putting up any fixtures, machinery 
or attachment in or to any such buii-'ing, etc., or plant and grow 
any trees, vines, plants or hedge, or build a stone fence, or build or 
furnish material for a fence on any tract of land, shall have a lien 
upon such buildings, etc., and upon the whole tract of land, for the 
amount due him for such work done or material furnished. Such 
liens shall have precedence of all subsequent encumbrances. 

To obtain a lien, as above, a material man or sub-contractor shall 
file a statement Of the amount due, and the property upon which the 
work was done or material furnished, with the clerk of the district 
court, and a copy furnished to the owner of the premises within 60 
days after the completion of the work or furnishing the materials, 
etc. An original contractor shall file the required statement as 
above, within four months from the time of completion, etc. 

Action to enforce such lien must be brought in the district court of 
the county, within one year after completion of sneh work, etc., and 
if there are several lien-holders they shall all be made parties to the 
action, and if their claims cannot be paid in full, payment shall be 
made pro rata. 

KENTUCKY. 

General Statutes, 1883. Ch. 70, Sections 1-15. 
A person who performs labor or furnishes material in the erection, 
altering or repairing of a house, building, or other structure, or foy 



mechanics' lien laws. 169 

any fixture or machinery therein, or for the improvement, in any 
manner, of real estate, by contract with, or by the written consent of 
the owner, shall have a lien thereon, and upon the land upon which 
such improvement may have been made, or on any interest such 
owner has in the same, to secure the amount thereof with costs. 
If the owner claims by executory contract, and if, for any cause, 
such contract shall be set aside, the lien shall follow the property 
into the hands of the person to whom the same may come, to the 
extent only that the actual value of the property may be enhanced 
by the improvements so placed upon it. 

If an evicted owner or claimant shall be entitled to compensation 
for improvement, the rights of the lien-holder shall be substituted 
for those of the person so evicted. If improvements are made by 
contract with a lessee, and during the term of the lien, the lessee's 
interest shall return to the owner, and the owner shall refuse to 
accept such improvement, the lien-holder may remove the same, pro- 
vided it can be done without injury to previous improvements. 

If the work is done or materials furnished, not to the owner, but 
to a contractor or sub-contractor notice shall be given to the owner 
that a lien will be claimed. Then it shall be the duty of the owner 
to withhold a sufficient amount to satisfy the claim. If he shall 
fail so to do, the property shall be in lien; provided, that no lien 
shall exist in favor of such persons, in case the contractor himself 
is not entitled to a lien, nor if security shall have been taken for the 
labor performed or materials furnished. 

The claimant within 60 days after the completion of the contract 
shall file with the clerk of the county court a full statement of ac- 
count and description of the property intended to be covered in the 
lien. Actions to enforce such liens shall be brought within six 
months from the last named dates, except in case of the death of the 
defendant, when a further six months shall be allowed. 



LOUISIANA. 

B. Laws 188i, Sections 2876-2884. 

Architects, undertakers, bricklayers, painters, master-builders, 
contractors, sub-contractors, journeymen, laborers, cartmen, and 
other workmen employed in constructing or repairing buildings, or 
making other works, and those who supplied the owner, or other 
person employed by the owner or his agent or sub-contractor, with 
materials of any kind for the construction or repair of an edifice o 
Other work, which have been used in tbe erection or repair of buqU 



170 mechanics' lien laws. 

houses or other work, shall have a lien on such buildings, etc., and 
upon the lot of ground not exceeding one acre, upon which the same 
shall be erected, provided the ground belongs to the person having 
such buildings, etc., erected. 

To preserve the lien the contract, or a detailed statement of the 
amount due, verified under the oath of the party doing or having the 
work done, must be recorded with the register of privileges in the 
parish where the property is sitiiated. The lien is valid against third 
persons from the date of such recording. 

Every person doing any work on any building, etc., erected under 
contract between the owner and builder, may deliver to the owner an 
attested account of the amount and value of the work and labor per- 
formed and then unpaid ; and the owner shall thereupon retain from 
the amount due the contractor for the benefit of such person, such 
amount due such person. If the contractor shall not within ten days 
after receipt from the owner of a copy of such claim, give notice 
that he intends to dispute the claim, he shall be considered as as- 
senting to the demand, and the owner shall pay the same when it 
becomes due. 

If the contractor shall dispute any such claim, the matter shall be 
submitted to three arbitrators, the decision of two of whom shall be 
final; and in case the contractor fails to pay within ten days after 
such decision, the owner is required to pay out of funds retained by 
him ; and suit may be brought against him by such claimant in case 
of his failure to pay. 



MAINE. 



From Bevised Statutes of 1883, Ch. 91, Sections 30-34. 

A person w^ho performs labor or furnishes materials in erecting 
or repairing any building, by virtue of an express or implied contract 
has a lien on such building, and whatever interest the owner of the 
building has in the land on which it stands. The claimant must, 
within 20 days after completing the contract, file a full sworn state- 
ment of account, with a description of the property, with the town 
clerk. Suit to enforce the lien must be begun within 90 days after 
the same time. 

There is an elaborate lien against vessels to secure payment for 
work done on them or material furnished, but it is too lengthj^ to 
give here. 



mechanics' lien laws. 171 

massachusetts. 

From the, General Statutes 1882. 

Any perBon to whom a debt ia due for labor performed or material 
furnished, and used in the erection, alteration or repair of any build- 
ing or other structure upon real estate, by virtue of an agreement 
with, or by consent of the owner thereof, or any person having 
authority from the owner, has a lien on the property and lands 
for his charges. Unless the labor or materials were performed or 
furnished by contract with the owner, he may prevent any lien from 
attaching, for work or materials not already performed or furnished, 
by giving written notice to the person performing the labor or 
furnishing the materials that he will not be responsible for the 
debt. Anyone having an interest in the property attached may 
release the same by giving sufficient bonds. 

There shall be no lien for materials furnished unless the person 
furnishing same shall before so doing, give written notice to the 
owner that he intends to claim such lien. 

Liens are dissolved, unless the claimant, within 30 days after 
ceasing to work, flies in the registry of deeds for the county or dis- 
trict where the property is situated, a true statement of the account, 
together with a description of the property and the owner's name ; 
and suit to enforce the lien must be begun within 90 days after 
ceasing to work or furnish materials. 



MICHIGAN. 
From Public Acts of 1887. 
Every person who shall, in pursuance of a contract, expressed or 
implied— existing between himself, as contractor, and the owner, 
part owner, lessee, or person holding under any land contract or 
otherwise, any interest in real estate,— build, alter, improve, repair, 
erect, beautify or ornament, or who shall furnish any labor or mate- 
rials for such purpose in or for any house, building, machinery, 
wharf or other structure, and every person who shall, as sub-con- 
tractor, laborer or material-men, perform or furnish to any such 
original or principal contractor, any labor or materials in carrying 
forward such contract, shall have a lien therefor upon such house, 
or other structure, and its appurtenances, and also upon the entire 
interest of euch owner, etc., in the lot or piece of land upon which 
it may stand, said piece of land not to exceed one quarter-section, 
or if in an incorporated village or city, not to exceed the lot or lots 
upon which it may stand, The liability of the holder of the house 



172 mechanics' lien laws. 



or lands shall not exceed his interest in the same at the time the 
contract was made, and the total amount of such liens shall not 
exceed the amount due, or to become due on such contract. 

A lien holds if the service was performed upon the lands of a 
married woman by contract with her husband and with her consent. 

Such lien shall not attach unless the contractor or otherwise, as 
the case may be, shall file within 60 days after completion of service 
in the oiSce of the register of deeds of the county in which the 
lands, etc., are situated, a written notice, substantially in the fol- 
lowing form : 

To All Whom it May Concbrn: Take Notice .'—IhaA I intend 
to claim a lien upon the following premises, and the tenements and 
appurtenances thereon, for labor and materials furnished or to be 
famished by me, as contractor {or sub-contractor, or laborer, as the 

case may be) under a certain contract existing between 

as owner (or otherwise), claiming an interest in said premises, and 

as contractor for {building, repairing, 

jmtting in machinery or otherwise), which premises are described 
as follows : (Giving the proper real estate description.) 
[Signed], 



Contractor {or as the case may be.) 

A copy of which notice shall be served on the owner within 10 
days after filing. The owner shall not be bound beyond the amount 
due at the time of filing and serving such notice, or which may 
thereafter become due. 

The party filing such claim shall, whenever required by the owner, 
furnish a statement o'f work and materials furnished to date and still 
unpaid, and 30 day8 from completion of contract mahe affidavit of 
the amount actually due him over and above all credits, and file it in 
the same manner as the original claim, together with proof by afla- 
davit of the due service of notice on the owner. 

The several liens upon the same party, under the same contract 
shall be deemed simultaneous mortgages, and shall continue for 60 
days and no longer after such affidavit is filed, unless proceedings 
are begun, as provided, to enforce them. 

When the owner shall have failed to perform his part of the con- 
tract, and therefore the other party, without his fault, shall have 
been prevented from completely performing his part, he shall be 
entitled to pay lor as much as he has done, in proportion to the 
price stipulated for the whole, and the court shall adjust his claim 
accordingly. When several lien-holders have equal rights as between 
themselves, payment shall be made pro rata. 



mechanics' liek laws. 173 

minnesota. 

From Revision of 1818. Laws 1885, Laws 1S87. 

Whoever performs labor or furnishes materials or machinery for 
erecting, constructing, altering or repairing any house, mill, manu- 
factory or other building or appurtenance, or for constructing, alter- 
ing or repairing any boat, vessel or other water craft, by virtue of 
contract with the owner or agent thereof, shall have a lien to secure 
payment of the same upon such building, vessel, etc., together with 
the interest of the person owning such building to the land upon 
which it is situated, not exceeding 40 acres, and, if in a city, town or 
village plat, upon the lot upon which it is erected, not to exceed one 
acre. 

Upon entering into a contract, to do labor or furnish materials, 
for which a lien might accrue, if the contractor shall enter into a 
bond with tne owner guaranteeing the payment of all persons who 
may do work, etc , under the contract, said bond to be filed according 
to law, no lien shall attach in favor of the persons mentioned above. 

To obtain such lien the person entitled shall, within 90 days of the 
time of performing the service, file in the office of the register of 
deeds a full statement of the account between himself and the per- 
son from whom the account is due, and shall bring suit within 4 
months after such filing. When work is suspended without the. 
consent of laborers and material-men, etc., they may proceed with 
it at their own cost, in accordance with the original contract, as far 
as may be necessary to prevent the work already done from going to 
waste. 

Where lands or buildings cannot be sold, they may be leased to 
satisfy lien-holders. In case of settlement of business, the liens of 
employes for wages, not to exceed $200, shall have preference. 



MISSISSIPPI. 
JS. Code 1880, Sections 1378—1392. Laws 1882, Ch.88. 

Debts contracted in the construction, etc., of any building, machin- 
ery, water-craft, embankments, railroads, etc., shall be a lien upon 
such building, etc., and the land covered thereby. Such lien shall 
only take effect as to purchasers and encumbrancers in good faith 
and for valuable consideration without notice from the time of 
filing the contract in the office of the chancery clerk of the county 
where the land is situated for record, or the commencement of a 
suit. 

Where building or other improvement is erected in whole or in 
part by coatract the lien shall be in favor of contractor alone. 



1*74 mechanics' LIEK LAWS. 

Where contractor or master workman shall refuse to pay any per- 
son who may have furnished materials or labor used in the erection 
of such building, etc., such person may give notice in writing to the 
owner, and thereupon the amount due by the owner to the con- 
tractor or master builder shall be bound for the payment of the sum 
80 claimed. 

Where the amount exceeds $150, suit must be commenced in a 
circuit court of the county where the property is situated, within 6 
months after the time-that the money becomes due and payable. 



MISSOURI. 

From Bevised Statutes of 1879. Acts 1885^ p. 195. 

Every mechanic or other person who shall perform any labor 
upon or furnish any materials, fixtures or machinery for any build- 
ing, erection or improvements upon land, or for repairing the same, 
by virtue of any contract with the owner thereof, or hie agent, 
trustee, or contractor, upon complying with the provisions of the 
statute, shall have, for his work done or materials, etc. furnished, a 
lien upon such building, etc., and upon the land belonging to such 
owner on which the same are situated to the extent of one acre, or if 
In a village or city, upon the lot or land on which the building, etc., 
is situated. A building erected on leased lots or land shall be held 
for the debt contracted in erecting the same, and also the leasehold 
term for such lots or land. 

Every original contractor within six months, every journeyman 
and day laborer within 60 days, and every other person within four 
months after the indebtedness shall have accrued, shall file with the 
clerk of the circuit court a statement verified under oath of the de- 
mand due him, with a full description of the property upon which 
the lien is to apply. Such lien shall take precedence over all sub- 
sequent encumbrances. All actions shall be commenced wiihin 90 
days after filing the lien. 

Ten days before the filing of such lien, notice of the same shall 
be given to the persons against whom the claim is brought. There 
shall be no preference among holders of liens for work done or 
material furnished as above. 

Liens against a railroad shall be filed within 90 days after the 
completion of the work, and shall be on all the improvements and 
equipments of the railroad and on the right of way. 



mechanics' lien laws. 175 



NEBRASKA. 

Compiled Statutes of 1881. Laws 1885, 1887. 

Any person who shall perform any labor or furnish any material, 
or machinery or fixtures for the erection, repairing or removal of 
any house, mill, manufactory, or building or appurtenance, by 
virtue of a contract expressed or implied with the owner thereof, or 
his agents, shall have a lien to secure payment of the same upon 
such house, mill, manufactory, building or appurtenance, and th« 
lot of land upon which the same shall stand. 

Any person furnishing labor or material as above to any con- 
tractor or sub -contractor, who shall wish to obtain a lien upon any 
of the structures mentioned above, may file a sworn statement of the 
amount due him or them from such contractor or sub-contractor, to- 
gether with a description of the land upon which the same were 
done or used, within 60 days from the rendering of such service, 
with the register of deeds of the county, in which the land is situ- 
ated, and, if the contractor does not pay him, he shall have a lien for 
the amount due on such lot or lots and the improvements thereon, 
from the same time and in the same manner as the original con- 
tractor. 

To secure a lien as above the person furnishing labor or material 
shall file a sworn itemized statement of the M'ork done or materials 
furnished within four months from the time of rendering the serv- 
ice, and it shall operate as a lien for two years from the rendering 
of such service. 

If a promissory note has been taken, a lien may be obtained by 
filing the same in the office of the register of deeds with a sworn 
statement that the sum for which the note was given was due for 
service rendered as above. 

Judgment may be obtained on a lien by civil action, and when 
suit is brought within the specified two years the lien shall continue 
until judgment is obtained. 

Suspended work may be carried forward by the laborers, etc., 
engaged in the same, sufficiently to prevent the structure from 
going to waste. 

If property cannot be sold because of defective title or non-resi- 
dence of the owner it shall be leased for the benefit of lien- 
holders. 

Persons rendering service as above on any railroad, canal or 
similar work shall have a lien upon the entire improvements of the 
company or corporation, including their right of way. 



176 mechanics' lien laws. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

From the General Laws, Edition of 1878. Page S34. 

Any person who shall perform labor or furnish materials, to the 
amount of $15, or more, for erecting, altering, or repairing a house 
or other building or appurtenances, by virtue of a contract with the 
owner thereof, shall have a lien thereon and on any right of the 
owner to the land on which it stands ; such lien to continue for 90 
days after the completion of the contract, unless payment is pre- 
viously made, and may be secured by an attachment thereon. 

Persons rendering such services to a railroad shall have the sam9 
privileges. Any person rendering service by virtue of a contract 
with an agent, contractor or sub-contractor of the owner, may have 
the above lien by giving notice to the owner or person having 
charge of the property, that he intends to claim such lien. 



NEW YORK. 



Laws 1885, Ch.3i2; Laws 1887, Ch.i20. 

Any person who shall furnish any labor or materials in erecting 
or repairing any house or other building with the consent of the 
owner, may, upon filing the notice of lien prescribed, have a lien for 
the principal and interest of the price and value of such labor and 
material upon such house, etc., upon the land upon which the same 
may stand to the extent of the owner's interest at that time. The 
owner shall only be liable for the contract price or the amount re- 
maining unpaid on the contract at the time of filing the lien or in 
case there is no contract, then the value of the labor and material 
remaining unpaid. 

Notice of lien in writing may be filed in the clerk's office of the 
county where the property is situated at any time during the per- 
formance of the work or the furnishing of the materials, or within 
90 days after the completion of the contract or final performance of 
the work. Such notice shall contain the names and residences of the 
claimants, the nature and amount of the labor and services per- 
formed or materials furnished or to be furnished, with the name of 
the owner or person in possession of the premises against whose 
interest a lien is claimed, the names of the persons ordering the 
work done, how much of the work has been done, and a description 
of the property to be charged. Such notice shall, within ten days 
after filing, be served on the owner or person in interest. No lien 
shall bind the property longer than one year, unless within that time 
action is commenced to enforce the same, 



mechanics' lien la>ws. 177 



Sab contractors ar9 entitled to priority of payment before original 
contractors. Workmen or laborers working for daily or weekly 
wages shall have preference over employers of labor. 



OHIO. 
From Revised Statutes of 1880. Laws 1887, P. 6, i6-5l. 

A person who performs labor, or furnishes machinery or material 
for constructing, altering or repairing a boat, vessel, or other water 
craft; or for erecting, altering, repairing or removing a house, mill, 
manufactory, or other building,appurtenance, fixture, bridge or other 
structure, under contract with owner, authorized agent, executor or 
administrator, shall have a lien to secure payment for same upon 
such vessel, bridge, etc., or upon such structure and upon the inter- 
est of owner in lot of land upon which it stands or to which it may 
be removed. 

Such person to obtain such lien, shall, within four months from 
the time such service was rendered or such material furnished, file, 
with the recorder of the county in which such service was performed 
or material furnished, an affidavit containing an itemized statement 
of account between himself and the owner ; also, a copy of the con- 
tract, if in writing — if not, a statement of verbal agreement ; also 
description of lands on which such structure may stand or to which 
it may be removed. Shall operate as a lien from date of first item, 
and shall stand for two years from date of filing; or, if- action is be- 
gun within tnat time, until the final adjudication thereof. There 
shall be no exemption against such lien. Sub-contractors, laborers, 
etc., may give to owner, within 60 days from the time of the comple- 
tion of their labor, etc., statement of amount due them, and shall, at 
same time, file copy of statement in recorder's office. 

A person who furnishes labor or materials upon any road, side- 
walk, sewer, ditch, etc., by virtue of private contract with owner or 
agent of lands abutting, shall have a lien on such lands, to be ob- 
tained as above, but to stand for but one year. If several persons 
hold several liens, thus obtained, on the same job, they shall have 
no priority among themselves, but payment shall be made pro rata. 
If defective title prevents sale of lands to satisfy such lien, it shall 
be leased for benefit of lien-holders. 

Sub-contractors, material-men, laborers, etc , may have lien upon 
payments due head contractors from owner, board, or public officer. 
Such lien shall be filed as above, and also with the owner, board, or 
public officer. Such claims of laborers, mechanics and material-men 
Bhail be paid before those of sub-contractors, and those of sub-con- 



1T8 mechanics' lien laws. 

tractors before those of head-contractors. If owner or a^ent refuEe 
to pay such claim, the holder shall have a lien upon the structure or 
upon the lands upon which it stands; such lien to have precedence 
over liens of head-contractors. 

Definitions, Etc—ThQ term " owner '' includes also the owner of a 
lease-hold. Material must be furnished for the particular structure. 
When contract is for an entire job at an entire price, no itemized 
account is necessary. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

2 Brightley''s Purdon's Dig. 1883, Page 1157 ; Laws 1887, Page 413. 

Every building shall be subject to a lien for the payment of all 
debts contracted for work done or materials furnished for or about 
the erection or construction of the same, provided that no lien shall 
be allowed for less than $10; and for the payment of all debts not 
less than $30 contracted for work done or materials furnished for 
or about the repair, alteration of or addition to any building. To 
entitle any one to the benefits of this latter lien he shall give notice 
to the owner of the property, or his agent, at the time of furnishing 
the materials, etc., for such repairs, etc., of his intention to file a 
lien. 

To determine the extent of the lien on the land, the owner thereof 
is required previous to the erection of any building, to declare and 
define in writing the boundaries of the land and cause the same to 
be entered in Mechanics Lien Docket kept by the Prothonotary. In 
default of eo doin^, the person having a lien may apply to the 
proper court to appoint persons to designate the boundaries. 

Sub-contractors, mechanics and laborers are also entitled to a lien, 
but no material-man shall have the right to file a lien unless notice 
of the amount and character of his claim be given to the owner or 
his agent when the material is delivered on the premises or within 
ten days thereafter, and such sub-contractor, mechanic or laborer 
shall also file his claim within sixty days setting forth the nature 
of the work and when the same was done in the proper county. 
When mechanics liens are filed against the same property by the 
original contractor and a sub-contractor, mechanic or laborer the 
lien of the mechanic or laborer shall be first paid, but the owner is 
not liable for an amount greater than the amount named In the orig- 
inal contract. 

Every person entitled to a lien shall file his statement of his de- 
mand in the oflice of the Prothonotary of the Court of Common 
Pleas of the county in which the building is situated. Every debt 



mechanics' lien laws. 179 

shall be a lien until the expiration of els months after the \^ork 
shall have been finished or materials furnished, though no claim 
shall have been filed ; but the lien shall not continue longer than six 
months unless a claim be filed at or before the expiration of such 
time. 



TuNNESSEE. 

Code I88i, Sections 2739-2750; Acts 1887, Ch. 85; Ads 1885, Ch. 8. 

There shall be a lien upon any piece of ground upon which im- 
provements are made by contract with the owner or agent, in favor 
of the person or persons doing the work or furnishing the materials 
on or for the same. If the property be mortgaged, and the holder of 
the mortgage shall give his consent to the improvements, the lien 
shall have priority over the mortgage. If the mortgagee fail to ob- 
ject within ten days after receiving notice, his consent shall be im- 
plied. A person shall have this lien, if at the time he begins to 
work, or to furnish material, he notifies the owner of his intention 
to rely upon a lien. The lien shall continue for one year from the 
completion of the contract, or until the decision of a suit that may 
be brought within that time. 

Every person doing work or furnishing materials on the building 
for the original contractor shall have a lien if within 30 days after 
the building is completed, or contract shall expire, or be discharged, 
he notify, in writing, the owner or agent that the lien is claimed; 
and the lien continues for 90 days from such notice, and has prece- 
dence over all other liens from that time. A statement of the 
amount due for such work, etc., shall be filed with the county reg- 
ister. 



TEXAS. 
Eevised Statutes 1879, Arts. 3164-3179; Laws 1885, Chap. 66. 

Any person furnishing labor or materials, machinery, fixtures or 
tools to erect or repair any building, under or by virtue of any con- 
tract with the owner or his agent shall have a lien on such building, 
etc., and the land necessarily connected therewith, to secure the 
payment of such labor, etc. 

To secure the lien original contractors must within four months, 
and other persons within 30 days, after the indebtedness has accrued, 
file his or their contract in the office of the county clerk of the 
County where the property is situated. Where such persons other 
than the contractor have no written contract it shall be sufllcient for 



180 mechanics' lien laws. 

them to file an itemized account of their cluim, suppoittd by nffida- 
vit that the account is just and correct. Where there is no written 
contract the person seeking to obtain the lien to file such sworn 
account which shall be recorded. Both contracts and accounts must 
be accompanied by description of the lands, etc., against which the 
lien is claimed. Where the land is in the country the lien, extends 
to and includes fifty acres upon which the improvements are situ- 
ated. In a city or town it includes the lot or lots upon which the 
Improvements are situated. 

The lien attaches to the improvements on which the work was 
done in preference to prior liens or encumbrances on the land, and 
the person enforcing the lien may have the improvements sold 
separately. 

Every person except the original contractor must give ten days' 
notice in writing to the owner that he holds a claim, stating the 
amount and from whom the debt is due; and the owner may retain 
the amount until the same is settled and determined to be due. 



VERMONT. 
From Revised Laws of 1880. Page iio. 

Lien on Buildings .'—When a contract is made, written or otherwise, 
for erecting, repairing, moving, or altering a building, or for fur- 
nishing labor or materials therefor, the person proceeding in pur- 
suance of euch contract or agreement, shall have a lien to secure 
the payment of the same upon such building, and the lot upon which 
the same stands. And such lien shall continue in force for three 
months from the time when payment becomes due. But no lien 
shall attach until the person claiming it shall file in the town clerk's 
office of the town where such real estate is situated, a written mem- 
orandum, asserting such claim. Such lien shall also apply to a water 
wheel or steam engine erected in or near a saw-mill, grist-mill or 
factory, to be used for the purpose of operating the machinery there- 
in. Within three months from the time of filing such memorandum, 
if payment is due at that time, and, if not, three months after it 
becomes due, action may be begun thereon, and the said proper-ty 
may be attached. 

These provisions shall apply to property held as a homestead. The 
real estate of a married woman may be charged with a lien when 
she assents to the contract. 

Lien on Ships :—K person who performs labor or furnishes ma- 
terials in building, repairing, fitting or furnishing a vessel, shall have 
a lieu on the same for his wages or materials, until 8 months after 



mechanics' lien laws. 181 

it Is completed, and may eecure the same by an attachment which 
Bhall have precedence of all other claims. But before Buch lien 
shall attach, such person shall demand payment of the owner or 
agent, and if payment of the juat amount is tendered, the lien shall 
be discharged. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 

Code 1887. Ch. 75. 

Every person doing work or furnishing materials on or for any 
building, by virtue of contract with the owner or his agent, or by 
agreement with the person holding such contract, shall have a lien 
upon the building and the land on which it is situated, not to exceed 
the contract price. Such liens shall have no priority among them- 
selves, but shall be preferred to subsequent encumbrances. 

To obtain such a lien, the claimant shall, within 60 days after he 
ceases to labor or furnish mateiial, file with the clerk of the county 
court a sworn statement of the account and a description of the 
property. If a sub- contractor, he shall, within 30 days, serve notice 
on the owner of the amount of his demand, and that he intends to 
hold a lien against the owner's property. S"it to enforce such lien, 
must be brought within six months of the time of filing such claim, 
by filing a bill in chancery in the circuit court, in which all interested 
parties shall be made plaintiffs or defendants. 

When the owner fails to perform his part of the contract, and the 
other party is therefore prevented from completing his part, the 
latter shall be entitled to compensation for as much as he has per- 
formed in proportion for the amount stipulated for the whole. 
Liens against corporations are for the same causes, and are enforced 
in the same manner as above. 



WISCONSIN. 



From Revision 0/1878. Page8i5. Supplement 1883 . Ch. US. 

Every person who, as principal contractor, performs any labor, or 
furnishes any material for the erection, construction, repairs, pro- 
tection or removal of any building, or of any machinery erected or 
constructed, so as to become a part of the freehold upon which it is 
situated, or of any bridge, or in the filling up of any water lot, cr in 
the construction thereon of any wharf or permanent erection, or in 
digging or constructing any well or fountain, or in building or re- 
pairing any fences upoa land, o;^ doing manual labor thereon, ehaU 



182 mechanics' lien latcs. 

have a lien thereupon, and upon the interest of the owner of such 
building, etc., as above, in the land on which the same is situated, 
or of the person causing such manual labor to be done, not exceed- 
ing 40 acres, or if within tiie limits of anj incorporated city or village, 
upon the piece of land used, or designed for use in connection with 
such building, etc., not exceeding one acre. Such lien shall be 
prior to any>iother lien which originates after the work has been 
begun. 

Every person who, as sub-contractor of a principal contractor, 
performs any work for, or furnishes any material to, a principal 
contractor, in any of the cases mentioned above, shall have a lien, 
if, within 30 days after rendering such service, he shall give notice 
in writing to the owner of the property to be affected by it, setting 
forth that he has been employed by such principal contractor to 
furnish and has furnished such work, etc., with a statement of the 
items and the amount due therefor, and that he claims alien; but 
the owner shall not be liable only so far as he is indebted to the 
principal contractor at the time of receiving the notice or thereafter. 
No sub-contrat tor of a eub-contractor has a lien. Liens under this 
statute are assignable, if notice is served on the owner within 15 
days after assignment. The taking of a promissory note, or other 
evidence of indebtedness, shall not discharge the lien unless taken 
as payment, and so specified in the note, or otherwise. 

Such lien shall not exist unless within six months from the date 
of the last charge for rendering such service, a claim for such lien 
which shall contain a statement of the demand, description of the 
property, etc., shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit 
court of the county in which it was rendered, nor shall an action be 
maintained unless brought within one year from such date, unless 
within SO days next preceding the expiration of one year, the person 
filing the lien shall make, and annex to the instrument on file, an 
aflidavit setting forth the interest which he has by virtue of such 
lien in the property therein mentioned. The lien shall thereupon 
continue for another year. Any person having filed such claim 
may foreclose it in the circuit court, or other court having jurisdic- 
tion, and all such lien holders on the same job may be joined as 
plaintiffs. They shall have no priority among themselves. 



LOG LIEN LAWS. 



183 



THE LAW OF LOG LIENS. 



MAINE. 

A person who labors at cutting, hauling, rafting or driving logs or 
lumber, or at cooking for persons engaged in such labor, shall have 
alien thereon for the amount due for his personal services, and the 
services performed by his team, which shall take precedence of all 
other claims, except liens reserved to the states of Maine and Massa- 
chusetts; to continue for 60 days after the logs or lumber arrive at 
the place of destination for sale or manufacture ; and be enforced by 
attachment. 

A lien on hemlock bark shall not continue after the bark reaches 
the market. 

MICHIGAN. 

Any person who performs any labor or services in cutting, skid- 
ding, felling, hauling, running, rafting, or booming any logs, timber, 
cedar-posts, telegraph poles, railroad ties, tan bark, shingle bolts, or 
staves, has a lien thereon for the amount due for such labor or 
services which shall take precedence of all other claims or liens 
thereon. The word " person \' shall be interpreted to include cooks, 
blacksmiths, artisans and all others actually employed in perform- 
ing such labor and services. 

A statement in wxiting under oath must be filed In the office of 
the clerk of the county, setting forth the amount due and a descrip- 
tion of the property, within 30 days from the completion of the 
labor and services. The lien is enforced by attachment. 

Where such labor or services is performed between the Ist of 
October and the 1st of April, such statement shall be filed before the 
1st of May thereafter, otherwise such statement shall be filed within 
30 days after the completion of such labor or services. 

Suit may be commenced to enforce such lien, if the same is due, 
immediately after the filing of the statement, and such claim shall 
cease to be a lien on the property named in the statement unlees 
suit is brought within 3 months after such statement is made. 



184 LOG LIEN LAWS. 



MINNESOTA. 
Any perBon who may do or perform any manual labor in cutting, 
banking, driving, rafting, cribbing or stowing any logs, railroad 
cross-tieq or timber shall have a lien thereon as against the owner 
thereof and all other persons except the State for the amount due 
for such services, and the same shall take precedence of all other 
claims thereon. Such lien cannot be waived by agreement, but any 
such agreement shall be wholly void. The claimant must file his 
statement under oath in the office of the surveyor general of the 
district, setting forth fue date of commencement and termination of 
Bucb labor, the amount due, and a description of the logs on which 
the lien is claimed. For labor performed between October 1st and 
April 1st, the statement must be filed before May Ist thereafter, and 
for labor performed in any other part of the year the statement must 
be filed within 30 days after completing the same. The lien is en- 
forced by attachment. This act is intended only to protect laborers 
for hire, and not persons interested in contracting, cutting, hauling, 
banking or driving logs by the thousand. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Any person who shall perform labor or furnish supplies to the; 
amount of $15 or more toward rafting, driving, cutting, hauling, or 
drawing wood, bark, lumber or logs, or at cooking or hauling sup- 
plies, in aid of such labor, shall have a lien thereon for such labor 
or supplies, which lien shall take precedence of all prior claims, 
except for public taxes, to continue 90 days after the contract is com- 
pleted, and may be secured by attachment. 

Any sub-contractor can secure the same by giving notice, in writ- 
ing, to the owner of his intention. 



VERMONT. 

A person cutting or drawing logs shall have a lien thereon for his 
wages which shall take precedence of other claims except public 
taxes, and shall continue 60 days after the services are performed. 
But «3uch lien shall not attach until the person claiming it files in 
the town clerk's office, or, if the town is not organized, in the 
county clerk's office, a brief statement of the contract and his pur- 
pose to enforce the lien. 

Such lien shall have no validity against a subsequent purchaser, 
unless a suit is brought and the logs attached within 30 days from 
the time the plaintiff's right of action accrues ; and shall have no 
validity against anyone unless suit is brought and the logs attached 
witliia 60 days from eucli time, 



LOa LIEN LAWB. 185 



WISCONSIN. 

Any person who Bhall perform, any labor or services in cutting, 
felling, hauling, running, driving, rafting, booming, cribbing, tow- 
ing, sawing or manufacturing into lumber any logs or timber in any 
of the counties of this state shall have a lien on such logs, etc., for 
the amount due or to become due for such labor or services, which 
shall take precedence of all other claims or liens thereon. 

In the counties of Doot^, Florence, Kewaunee, Marathon, Lang- 
lade, Marinette, Oconto, Portage, Shawano, Taylor and Waupaca, 
any person furnishing any supplies In the cutting, felling, hauling, 
running, driving, rafting, booming, cribbing, towing, sawing or 
manufacturing into lumber any logs or timber, or any person 
furnishing any supplies or doing or performing any labor or serv- 
ices in cutting, felling, piling, handling or hauling cordwood and in 
cutting, etc., railroad ties, tan and other barks, piling, telegraph 
poles, telephone poles or fence posts, shall have a lien thereon for 
the amount due or to become due for such supplies, labor or serv- 
ices. A claim in writing for such demand, verified under oath, shall 
be filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court. If supplies 
are furnished and services rendered between November Ist and May 
Ist, such claim shall be filed before the 1st of June, otherwise such 
claim shall be filed within 30 days after the last day of furnishing 
ouch supplies or performing such labor or services, 



1*^6 ~ IVnSCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



SEASONING AND SHRINKING OF TIMBER. 

Were the properties of timber investigated with the same care and re- 
search bestowed upon metals it would be found that there is even a 
greater variation in them, A majority of the varieties of wood owe their 
commercial value to two particular characteristics : beauty of grain and 
susceptibility to polish. 

The strength of a piece of timber depends upon the part of the tree 
from which it is taken. Up to a certain age, the heart of the tree is best ; 
after that period, it begins to fail gradually. The ash, beech, elm and fir 
are generally considered at their best when of from 70 to 80 years growth, 
and the oak is seldom at its best in less than 100 years, much, however, 
depending on surrounding circumstances. As a rule, trees should not be 
cut before arriving at maturity, because there then is too much sap-wood, 
which is the worst part, being softer and more liable to decay. 

The strength of many woods is nearly doubled by the process of season- 
ing; hence timber used in its green state is not only weak, but is exposed 
to continual change of bulk, form and stability. Wood will always warp 
after a fresh surface has been exposed, and will change its form by the 
presence of moisture. ' The efi'ect of moisture on dry wood is to cause the 
tubular fibers to swell ; hence if a board be wet upon one side, the fibers 
there will be distended, and it will bend. The natural law that governs 
the shrinkage or contraction of timber is most important to practical 
men, but is too often overlooked. The amount of the shrinkage of timber 
in length, when seasoning, is so inconsiderable that it may in practice be 
disregarded (except in the redwood of the Pacific slope, which is said to 
shrink only in length), but the shrinkage in transverse directions is much 
greater, and presents some peculiarities which can only be explained 
by examining the structure of the wood as resulting from its mode of 
growth. 

An examination of the end section of any exogenous tree, such as beech 
or oak, wiU show the general arrangement of its structure. It consists 
of a mass of longitudinal fibrous tubes, arranged in irregular circles, 
which are bound together by means of radial plates or rays, which have 
been variously named; they are the "silver grain" of the carpenter, or the 



mSCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



isr 



"medullary rays" of the botanist, and are in reality the same as the p'th. 
The radial direction of these plates or rays and the longitudinal disposi- 
tion of the woody fiber must be considered in order to understand the 
action of seasoning; for the lateral contraction or collapsing of the lon- 
gitudinal fibrous or tubular part of the structure cannot take place with- 
out first tearing the medullary rays, hence the shrinking of the wooden 
bundles finds relief by splitting the timber in radial lines from the center, 
parallel with the medullary rays, thereby enabKng the tree to maintain 
its full diameter. If the entire mass of tubular fiber composing the tree 
were to contract bodily, then the medullary rays would, of necessity, 
have to be crushed in the radial direction to enable it to take place, and 
the timber would thus be as much injured in proportion as would be the 
case in crushing the wood in a longitudinal direction. 

If an oak or beech tree is cut into four quarters, by passing the saw 
twice through the center at right angles, before the splitting and contract- 
ing has commenced, the hues forming the angle of each quarter will be 




Fig. 1. 
of the same length and at right angles to each other, or in techical lan- 
guage, square ; but after storage in a dry place for a year, a great change 
will be found to have taken place, both in the form and in the dimensions 
of the pieces. The lines upon the two flat surfaces will still be of tLe 
same length as before, but the exterior diameter of the quarter circle will 
have contracted very considerably, and the two face lines will not be at 
right angles to each other, by reason of the collapsing of the vertical 
fibers, while the medullary rays will have been brought closer. 

Supposing the log to be sawed into five pieces of plank, let us consider 
the action of the various pieces as shown in the diagram Fig. 1. After 
eeasomng and contracting, it will be found tbat tlie middle of the eenter 



188 



MTSCELLAXEOUS IXF0R:MATI0?T. 



plank Btill retains the original thickness, from the resistance of the me- 
dullary rays, while the thickness will be gradually reduced toward the 
edges, for want of support, and the entire breadth of the plank will be 
the same as it was at first. If, then, we take the planks at each side of 
the center, by the same law, their change and behavior will be quite dif- 
ferent. They will still retain their original thickness in the center, but 
will be a little reduced on each edge throughout. But the side next to the 
heart of the tree will be pulled round or bent convex, while the outside will 
be the reverse, or hollow, and the plank will be considerably narrower 
throughout its entire length, more especially on the surface of the hollow 
side. Selecting the next two planks, they will be found to have lost none; 
of their thickness at the center, and very little of their thickness at the 
edges, but very much of their breadth, and will be curved round on the 
heart side and made hollow on the outside. Suppose some of these 
planks to be cut into square prisms when in the green state; the shape 
that these prisms will assume after a period of seasoning will entirely de- 
pend upon the part of the tree to which they belonged, the greatest altera- 
tion being perpendicular to the medullary rays. Then, if the square was 
originally near the outside, as shown by the black border lin.es in Fig. 2. 




Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. 



the effect will be a contraction, as shown by the inside lines. After a year 
or two the square end of the prism will become rhomboidal. By under- 
standing this natural law, it is comparatively easy to predict the future 
behavior of a board or plank, by carefully examining the end wood, in 
order to ascertain the part of the log from which it has been cut, as shown 
by the angle of the ring growths and the medullary rays. 

If the stick of sawed timber be cut so as to leave the heart in or near 
the center, it will season square in form, but the end will show a fracture 
of the medullary rays, commonly spoken of as season-checking, as illus- 
trated Jn Fig. 3. Here the contrast betYreen the rhomboidal seasoning of 



MtSCELLANEOUS INPORMATIOlsr. 



189 



tlie stick s iwod from the outside diamettr of a kg, and that i3. wMch the 
heart is left, is made quite plain. All sawyers who have been puzzled 
with the warping of logs upon the mill carriage will in this severance of 
the medullary rays find an explanation of the phenomenon, which is less 
marked in soft timber than in the closer grain of southern and norway 
pine, or of oak, beech and other hardwoods. 



QUARTER AND BASTARD SAWING. 

Quarter-sawing and rift-sawing are the same. To secure the minimum 
of shrinkage or warp, a board must be rift-sawed, which means cutting 
the medullary rays at right angles with the circles of growth. Quartered 
oak is simply rift-sawed, the designation "quartered'' arising from the 
common method of first cutting the log into quarters, and then cutting 
the quarters as shown in Fig. 1 of the following diagrams. The lines 
B 




a, b, c, d are those upon which the log is supposed to be quartered. 
The circles represent the concentric rings of the tree's growth. The 
straight lines across the upper half of the log, B, show the ordinary 
method of slicing it up into boards with a circular or gang. Wherever 
the cut of the saw crosses the circles at right angles, or nearly so, that 
much of tTie board is rift-sawed; when it runs nearly parallel with them 
it exposes the grain, and is what is rather inelegantly termed bastard. 
The board nearest the middle, g g, will be almost a perfectly rift-cut piece, 
while the fourth one from it toward the outside will be just about half 
rift and half bastard. Supposing the lower quarter A to be cut out from 
the log, the common and most simple method of quarter-sawing it is to 
make the cuts, as shown by the straight lines which cross the concentric 



190 



IvnSCELLANEOtlS INFORMATION. 



rinqs at sufficiently near right angles for making good liocring. Each 
piece, however, will have a bevel edge as shown, which must, of course, 
be squared by the edger. Special arrangements of mill carriage and head 
blocks are in use for rift-sawing when great accuracy is desired. 

The method of bastard-sawing is illustrated in Fig. 2. It simply con- 
sists of so turning the log upon the carriage as to expose the grain as 
much as possible. The diagram only shows cuts that would make an 
ordinary cant of the piece, but the judgment of the sawyer must be ex- 
ercised to so turn the log as will make its form square, octagon or hec- 
tagon, as may be best to expose instead of cut across the grain, a-nd allow 
its curve to show in the center of the board. Both of these methods of 
sawing, as Avill be seen, are wasteful to the timber, a matter that cannot 
well be avoided. Judicious bastard-sawing in certain kinds of wood, such 




riG.4 Rift Sawed 
as oak or ash, develops some very beautiful grain effects, and for orna- 
mental finishing purposes enhances the value of the wood to as great, or 
even a greater degree than by rift-sawing it, as the latter is mainly required 
where the stuff is to withstand continuous wear, as in the case of flooring, 
or is to fill a place where it must neither shrink nor warp, as in the case 
of sotmding or reed boards in musical instruments. The appearance of 
pieces of lumber cut rif b and bastard may be seen in Figures 3 and 4. 
If laid in a floor Fig. 3 will wear rapidly and unevenlj^, and always have a 
tendency to sliver, while Fig. 4 having the ends of the grain exposed to 
receive the wear, will greatly outlast it, w^ear more evenly and present a 
much better appearance. On the other hand as the panel to a desk or 
other piece of furniture. Fig. 3 would be much more handsome than the 
other. 

The methods of quarter-sawing, adopted and championed by exper- 
ienced sawyers, are numerous, but the following are some of 'the most 
approved plans. It should be remembered that the variety of timber 
and also the purpose for which the product is to be used determines 
what is and what is not practical and practicable quarter-sawing. In 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



m 



oak and similar Avood?^, -wlu'rc il i,^ di'sircd to i^how as much as possible the 
typical figure produced by quarter-s^awiug, the line of sawing should be al- 
most directly between the heart and the outside of the log. The same is 
necessary where the purpose is to avoid warping, as in material for wide 
panels, table tops, etc. The difficulty in this method of cutting is that al- 
most every piece has a beveled edge and has to be run through an edger. 
The product is also of all widths. 




FIG. 5. 

Where, however, mere resistance to wear is required, without regard to 
beauty of grain, and also where the piece is to be securely fastened in 
place, much less attention need be paid to an exact rift-sawing. In floor 
ing, for example, it is sufficient if the annual layers of growth be cut across 
at an angle of, say, 45 degrees, or even less. Thus the cant need be turned 
much less frequently on the carriage than when genuine quarter-sawing is 
required. 



102 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



One of the most popular metliods of rift-sawing in hardwoods is as fol- 
lows : Halve the log, put one-half back on the log deck and place the other 
with the half-round on the carriage and against the knees with the sawed 
surface sloping down from the top of the knees toward the saw at an angle 
of 45 degrees. Cut off boards until the heart is reached, when turn down 
the side against the knees until the last surface cut is at an angle of 45 de- 
grees, and cut as before. Turn down again in the same direction another 
eighth turn, and repeat. Thus each half of the log takes four positions. 
This method requires for its most convenient application an under dog, 
but good work is often done by the careful use of a wedge under the log. 
In this method the whole log is reduced to lumber which is all pretty close 
to the true rift-sawed, but the waste in edging is great. 

In the method illustrated by the diagrams, Figs. 5, 6, and 7, the 
whole contents of the log is more nearly utilized. The larger diagram 
shows the preliminary work. The two smaller ones show how the differ- 
ent parts are to be treated. The different steps are as follows : First, take 
off eight slabs, reducing the log to an octagon. Second, cut on the lines 1, 




FIG. 6. 

2. 3 and 4 in the order given, leaving a heart piece which may be 6x6, as 
shown in the first- diagram, or 4x4. Third, cut the piece D as shown. 

Fourth, cut the piece A as 
shown in the second diagram. 
This piece, somewhat less than 
one-half the log, requires three 
turnings. Fifth, saw the parts 
B and C, which are alike in size 
and shape, as indicated by the 
lines in diagram, Figure 7. It 
will be observed that the wedge- 
shaped pieces may be converted 
into 2 X 4's, or larger. 
rxG 




MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION". 



193 



Until recently too little attention has been paid to quarter-sawing yellow 
and norway pine flooring, but as an exact quartering is not necessary, the 
process is comparatively simple and inexpensive. The Barney & Smith 
Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio, who also furnished the preced- 
ing plan, recommends the method illustrated by the engraving Figure 8. 




riG. 8. 



First, square the log, eight inch face heart. Then saw lines 1, 2, 3, 4 
and 5, after which rip up the cants A and B together. This plan is particu- 
larly adapted to gang mills. All the lumber inside the circle indicating 
the heart wood is near enough a true quarter-sawing for flooring. 

A modification of this design is shown in Figure 9, the only difference 
being that a square piece is left inclosing the heart. 



194 



Ml.Se'ELLAXEOrS lNFOKl^tATION. 



Either of the methods outlined in Figs. 8 and 9 is, as stated above, espe- 
cially adapted to mills iising gangs. If two gangs are in nse, part of the 
saws can be taken ont of one of them, leaving blades' at the center and 
sides of the frame, to cut in Fig. 8, the numbered lines and those parallel 
to them. Then the cants A and B may be sent to the second gang to be 
ripped up together. In mills where there is no gang the two large cants 
produced by either method may be placed on the carriage, the one on top 
of the other, and sawed together. 




no. 9. 

It is but recently that gang f^aw mills have been put at work in the yel- 
low pine mills of the south. For the most part, quarter-sawed yellow pine 
flooring— which is the only kind especially valuable— has been obtained by 
sorting from the regular run of the strips. That process leaves the balance 
and the major portion of the stock of comparatively little value. It is 
auspicious that now, in 1889, so many southern mills are equipped with 
especial reference to producing quarter-sawed yellow pine flooring. 



MlSCfTLLAl^OUS INFORMATIOiJ 



195 



CAPACITY OF CISTERNS. 

To find the capacity of a cylindrical cistern or other vessel in gallons 
and barrels (such a vessel has a circle for its bottora and has perpendicu- 
rar sides) — Multiply the sqtiare of the diameter by the depth (all in feet), 
and naultiply the product by 5.875-(- for gallons or bj- .1805 for barrels. 
These results are correct within Avithin a very small fraction. 

Table of capacity for each 6 inches in depth of cisterns from 6 inches to 
25 feet in diameter in standard gallons of 231 cubic inches and barrels : 



DIAMETER. 



6iu.. 



6 in. 



.6 in. 



() in 

Bin 

9in 

lOi 

12 in 

lit. 6 in.. 

2 ft 

2 ft, 

3 ft. 

3 ft. 

4 ft. 

4 ft, 

5 ft 

5 ft., 

6 ft 

6 ft. 

7 ft. 

7 ft. 

8 ft, 

8 ft. 

9 ft. 
9 ft, 

10 ft., 
10 ft. 
lift, 
lift, 
12 ft. 



GALLONS. EAEEELS 



6m... 



.6 in. 



.6 in. 



.6 in. 
din. 
, 6 in. 



. 1 
. 1 

. 2 
. 2 
. 6, 
. 11 

. 18, 

. 26 

. 35 

. 47 

, 59 

, 73 

, 88 

105 

124 

143 

165 

188 

212 

237 

265 

293 

323, 

355. 

388. 

423. 



.7344.. 
.3056.. 
.6524.. 
0800.. 
.9376.. 
6096.. 
7500.. 
3599.. 
.4383.. 
.9855.. 
.0015.. 
.4862.. 
,4398.. 
,8622.. 
75.33.. 
,1133.. 
.9420.. 
2396.. 
.0060.. 
.2411.. 
.9450.. 
.1178.. 
7593.. 
9696.. 
4487.. 
4966.. 
0134.. 



.023. 

.041. 

.052. 

.065. 

.093. 

.210. 

.373. 

.583. 

.839. 

1.143. 

1.492. 

1.889. 

2. .332. 

2.822. 

3 .858. 

3.941. 

4.571. 

5.247. 

5.971. 

6.740. 

7.556. 

8.419. 

9.329. 

10.285. 

11.288. 

12.338. 

13.434. 



DIAMETER. 



12 ft. 

13 ft. 

13 ft. 

14 ft. 

14 ft. 

15 ft. 

15 ft. 
18 ft. 

16 ft. 

17 it. 

17 ft. 

18 ft. 

18 ft. 

19 ft. 

19 ft. 

20 ft. 
20 ft. 
21ft. 
21ft. 
22 ft. 

22 ft. 

23 ft. 

23 ft. 

24 ft. 

24 ft. 

25 ft. 



6 in. 
6 in. 



GALLONS. 



6 in. 
6 in. 



6 in. 
6 in. 
6 in. 
6 in. 



6 in. 
6 in. 
6 in. 
6 in! 



,. 457.7489. 
. 496.4532. 
. 535 3763. 
. 575.7682. 
. 617.6289. 
. 660.9584. 
. 705.7567. 
. 752.0238. 
. 799.7597. 
. 848.9644. 
. 899.6378. 
. 951.7801. 
.1005.3912. 
,1060.4711. 
.1117.01<^>7. 
.1175.0372. 
.1 234.-5235. 
.1295.8785. 
,1357.9024., 
,1421.7950., 
.1487.2827., 
.15.53.9867.. 
,1622.2857.. 
,1692.0536.. 
.1763.2902., 
.1830.9956.. 



BARRELS. 



.14.589.. 

. 15.766.. 
. 17.002.. 
, : 8.285., 

19.615.. 

20.990.. 

22.413.. 

23.882.. 

25.-398.. 

26.960.. 

28.570.. 

3U.226.. 

31.929.. 

-33.677.. 

35.473.. 

37.316.. 

39.2G5.. 

41.141.. 

43.123.. 

45.1,52.. 

47.228.. 

49.3.50.. 

.51.519.. 

53.735.. 

.56.184.. 

58.-356.. 



To find, by means of the above table, the capacity of a cylindrical cis- 
tern—Multiply the number in the table opposite the given diameter by 
the number of times 6 inches is contained in the given depth. 

Example :— Find the number of gallons contained in a tank 18 feet in 
diameter and 15)^ feet deep. By the table the capacity of a vessel 18 feet 
in diameter and 6 inches deep is 951.7801 gallons, 6 inches is contained in 
151^ feet 31 times, 951 .7801 X -31=29505.1831 the number of gallons. The 
above table will give results correct to thousandths of gallons and hun- 
dredths of barrels. 



106 MISCELLANEOUS INFOEMATION. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
Table of Ordinary Units. 



14A sq. in.=l sq. ft. 
3014 sq. yds.=l sq. rod. 
640 acres=l sq. mile or section. 



9 sq. f t.=l sq. yd. 
160 sq, rods=l acre. 
36 sections=:l township. 



Comparalive Table. 

&f>. "ei, ACRES. SQ. EODS. SQ. YDS. SQ. FT. SQ. IN, 

^ = 640 = 102,400 = 3,097,600 = 27,878,400 = 4.014,489,600 

1 = 160 = 4,840 = 43,560 = 6,272,640 

1 = 3014 = 2:21^. = 39,204 

1 = 9 = 1,296 

1 = 144 

. Survej'ors use the following table in measuring land : 



625 sq. links make 1 pole. 
16 poles make 1 sq. chain. 
10 sq. chains make 1 acre. 



640 acres make 1 sq. chain. 

36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.) township. 



Comparative Table. 

TP. SQ. MILES. ACRES. SQ. CHAINS. POLES. SQ. LINKS. 

1 = 36 = 23,040 = 230,400 = 3.686.400 = 2,340.000.000 

1 = 640 = 6,400 = 102.400 = 6.400,000 

1 = 10 = ICO = 100.000 

1 = 16 = 10X00 

1 = 625 

The square foot is used in estimating glazing, stone-cutting, etc. ; the 
square yard in plastering, roofing, paving, etc.; the acre in measuring 

land. 

Solid or Cubic Measure. 

1728 cu. inches make one cu. foot. I 46,656 cu. inches make one cu. yard. 
27 cubic feet make one cubic yard. | 

40 cu. ft. of round timber=l ton. I 50 cu. ft. of hewed t.imber=l ton. 
42 cu. ft. ox shipping timberzzl ton. | 128 cu. ft.=:l cord. 

Timber in one load — English. 



50 cu. ft of square timber. 
109 lin. ft. of 6x12 in. " 
200 " of 6x6 
150 " 4 in. planking 12 in wide. 



200 lin. ft. 3 in. planking 12 in. wide, 

300 " 2 in. 

400 " 1% in. " 

600 " lin. 



Liquid Measure. 
The United States standard for measurement of all liquids is the "wine" 
or "Winchester" gallon containing 231 cubic inches. 



31^^ gallons make one barrel. 
2 barrels " hogshead. 



4 gills make one pint, 
2 pints " quart. 
4 quarts " gallon. 

Dry treasure. 
Tlie Government standard of dry measure of the United States is the 
""Winchester Bushel" so called, being a cyUndrical vessel having an inside 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 1£7 

diameter of 18^ inches, and a depth of 8 inches, and containing 21E0.43 

cubic inches. 

4 gills makei one pint. I 8 quarts make one peck. 

3 pints ** quart | 4 pecks " bushel. 

Measures of Weight. 

The Pound is the United States standard of weight as applied to general 
purposes, and is the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water, at 
its greatest density (i. e. at 39° 83' ' Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 
inches), and is equivalent to 7,000 Troy grains. 
37 11-33 grains make one dram. I 25 pounds make one quarter. 

16 drams " ounce. | 4 quarters make one cwt. 

16 ounces " pound. | 20 cwt. " ton. 

(In some cases the following table for gross weight is used : 28 lb. =1 
quar. ; 4 quar.=l cwt. ; 20 cwt., or 2240 lbs.=l ton.) 

Comparative Table of Weights. 
Trot. Apothecaries. Avoirdupois. 

1 pound equals 5,760 grains, equals 5,76 1 grains, equals '^lOO grains. 
1 ounce " 480 " " 480 " " 437.5 '• 

175 pounds " 175 pounds " 144 pounds. 

The half peck, or dry gallon, contains 268.8 cubic inches. Six quarts, 
dry measure, are equal to nearly 7 quarts liquid measure. 

Measures of Gajoacity. 
The following table will often be found convenient, taking inside di- 
mensions : 

A box 24 in. x 24in. x 14.7 will contain a barrel of 8114 gallons. 

A box 15 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. will contain 10 gallons. 

A box 8^4 in. x 7 in. x 4 ia. will contain a gallon. 

A box 4 in. X 4 in X 3.6 in. will contain a quart. 

A box 24 in. x 28 in. x 16 in. will contain 5 bushels. 

A box 16 in, X 12 in. X 11.2 in. will contain a bushel. 

A box 12 in. x 11.2 in. x 8 in. will contain a half bushel. 

A box 7 in. X 6 4 in. x 12 In. will contain a peck. 

A box 8.4 in. x 8 in. x4 in. will contain a half peck, or 4 dry quarts. 

A box 6 in. x 5 3.5 in., and 4 in. deep, will contain a half gallon. 

A box 4 m. x4in., and2 1.10 deep, will contain a pint. 

Hay MEASURB.—About 500 cubic feet of well-settled hay, or about 700 
of new mown hay, will make a ton. To estimate amount of hay in mow 
—Ten cubic yards of meadow hay weigh a ton. When the hay is taken 
out of old stacks, 8 or 9 yards will make a ton. Eleven or 12 cubic yards 
of clover, when dry, weigh a ton. (iVo^e— The only accurate method to 
measure hay is to weigh it, since two quantities equal in bulk will never 
weigh alike. Any rule is simply an approximation.) 

Floor, Wall and Eoor Measure.— To find the number of square 
yards in a floor or wall: Eule— Multiply the length by the width or 
height (in feet), and divide the product by 9; the result will be square 
yards, 



1G8 



MrSCELI ANEOUS INFORMATION. 



Number of Trees Required per Acre. 



4 feet apart each way 2,720 



2,720 


15 feet apart each way 


1,74:^ 


18 
20 


(( 11 


1,200 


(( u 


680 


25 


(( (( 


430 


80 


>t (( 


325 


33 


u u 



.200 
.135 
.110 
. 70 
. 50 
. 40 



Dime7isions of One Acre. 
A square, whose Bides are 12,649 rods, or 69.5? yards, or 208.71 feet long, 
contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangle containing one acre : 

RODS. 



1 X160 


li/sXlObM 


2 X to 


2.x (4 


3 X 531^ 


31/2 X 45 5-7 


4 X 40 


41/2 X 35 5-9 


5 X 32 


51/2 X 29 1-11 


6 X 2^% 


61/2 X 24 8-13 


7 X 22 6-7 


7/2 X 21% 


8 X 20 


8/2 X 18 14-17 


9 X 17 7-9 


91/2 X 16 16-19 


10 X 16 


101/ X 19 5-21 J 


11 X 14 6-11 


111/2 X 13 21-33 


12 X 131-^ 


121/2 X 12 4-5 
12 13-2 X 12 13-20 











Estimates of Materials. 
314 barrels of lime will do 100 Bq[uare yards plastering, two coats. 
2 " " " 100 " " one coat. 

Wz bushels of hair " 100 " " 

114 yards good sand •' 1.0 " " 

}i barrel of plaster (stucco), will hard-finish 100 square yards plastering. 

1 barrel of lime will lay 1,000 brick. (It takes good lime to do it.) 

2 " "1 cord rubble stone. 

Yz " " 1 perch " (Estimating 3i c'd to perch.) 

To every barrel of lime estimate about % yards of good sand for plas- 
tering and brick work. 

Hides delating to Hydraulic Prime Movers. 

Rule I. To calculate the gross power of a fall of water: To the actual 
head, add the height due to the velocity of water in the head-race. Multi- 
ply the sum by the volume of the flow of the water per second, and by the 
weight of water (62.4 lbs. per cu. ft.) The product will be the gross power 
in foot-lbs. per second. This divided by 559 equals the gross horse-power. 

Eule II. To find the net jyower of a fall of water. Multiply the gross 

power by the probable efficiency of the prime mover to be used. That 

efficiency ranges in 

Water pressure engines from , 65 to .75 

Overshot and breast wheels 70 to .80 

Undershot wheels 40 to .6"t 

Tnrbine wheels 6J to ,80 

To find the height of fall corresponding to a given velocity : Divide the 
half -square of the velocity by 32.2 (g). 

Amount of Paint Required for a Given Surface. 

It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the amount 
varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, the kind of wood or other 
ja^terial to which it is applied, the age of the surface, etc. The following 



MISCELLANEOUS INFOr.MATION. 



109 



is an approximate rule : Divide the number of square feet of surface by 200. 
The result will be the number of gallons of liquid paint required to give 
two coats ; or divide by 18 and the result will be the number of pounds of 
pure ground white lead required to give three coats. 

CIRCLES. 
Table showing the circumferences and areas of circles with diameters 
from 1 to 50 with sides of equal squares : 



i 






< 




o 




< 


H 


» 


<l 


M M 


P5 


< 


H pj 


» 


w 


^ 


r •< 


fH 


^ 


w 


-V < 


^ 


fR 


P5 


Pr t) 


H 


^ 


« 


^ p> 


PI 


P 
3 


<1 


O o> 

p 

ID 


M 
PI 


o 


< 


c 5. 

a 


1. 


3.141 


.7856 


.886 


22. 


69.11 


380.13 


19.496 


1.5 


4.712 


1.797 


1329 


23. 


72.25 


415.47 


80.383 


JJ. 


6.283 


3 141 


1.772 


24. 


75 39 


452.39 


31.269 


?.5 


7 854 


4.908 


2.215 


25. 


78.54 


490.87 


22.125 


3. 


9.424 


7.068 


2.658 


26 


81.68 


530.93 


23.041 


3.5 


10.99 


9.621 


3.101 


27. 


84.82 


572 55 


23.928 


4. 


12.56 


12 566 


3 544 


28. 


87.96 


615.75 


24.814 


4.5 


14.13 


15.904 


3 988 


29. 


91.10 


660.52 


25.700 


5. 


15.70 


19.635 


4.431 


30. 


94.24 


706.86 


26.586 


5.5 


17.27 


23.758 


4.874 


31. 


97.38 


754 76 


27.473 


6. 


18 84 


28.274 


5 317 


33. 


100 5 


804.24 


28.359 


65 


20.4 J 


33.183 


5.7fcO 


33. 


103.6 


855.30 


29.245 


7. 


21.99 


38.484 


6.203 


34. 


lOd.8 


907.92 


30.131 


75 


23.^6 


44 1^8 


6 648 


35. 


109 9 


962.11 


31.017 


8, 


25 13 


50.265 


7.089 


36. 


113 


1017.8 


31.904 


8.5 


26.70 


56.745 


7.532 


37. 


116.2 


1075.2 


32.790 


9. 


28 27 


63.617 


7.976 


38. 


119 3 


1134.1 


33.676 


95 


29.84 


70.882 


8.419 


39. 


122.5 


1194.5 


34.562 


10. 


31.41 


78.539 


8.862 


40. 


125 6 


1256.6 


35.449 


11. 


34 55 


95.033 


9 748 


41. 


128.8 


13202 


36 335 


12. 


37 69 


113.09 


15.634 


42. 


131.9 


1385.4 


39 221 


IS. 


40.84 


132.73 


11.520 


43. 


135.0 


1452.2 


38.107 


14. 


43 98 


153 93 


12.407 


44. 


138.2 


1520.5 


38.993 


15. 


47.12 


176.71 


13.293 


45. 


1413 


1590.4 


39.880 


16. 


50.26 


201 06 


14.179 


46. 


144.5 


1661.9 


40.766 


17. 


53.40 


226 98 


15.065 


47. 


147.6 


1734 9 


41.652 


18. 


56.54 


254.46 


15.953 


48. 


150.7 


1809.5 


42.538 


19. 


59.69 


283.52 


16.838 


49. 


153.9 


1885.7 


43.425 


20. 


62,83 


3i4.16 


17.724 


50. 


157.0 


1963.5 


44.311 


21. 


65 97 


346 36 


18 6'0 











The circumference of a circle is the diameter multiplied by 3.1415926+ 
and the area Is equal to the circumference multiplied by one-quarter the 
diameter; or, is equal to the diameter multiplied by .7854. These deci- 
mals being too extended for common use, the above table Is an approxi- 
iiift'.e one, correct as far as the decimals are carried, 



200 



SOUTHWESTERN PIXE INSPECTION. 



Southwestern Pine Inspectio 



N. 



RULES FOR GRADING, CLASSIFICATION AND GAUGES OF YELLOW 
PINE, AS ADOPTED BY THE SOUTHWESTERN LUMBER MANU- 
FACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, FEB. 23, 1888. 



FLOORING, 10, 12, 14 AND 16 FEET. 

First and Second Clear flooring shall be well manufactured, and free 
of knots and other defects. Bright sap is admissible. 

Star admits of three sound knots of V2 inch diameter, or of one of one 
inch, or of slight sap stains ; but not more than three defects to be in any 
one piece. 

No. 1 Common admits of sap stains and sound knots. No board will be 
admitted in this grade which will not lay without waste. 

No. 2 Common admits of more defects, biit no board shall be included 
in this grade which will not lay with a waste of one-quarter of the piece. 

EiFT-SAWED flooring admits not to exceed three sound knots not over % 
inch in diameter, and the angle of the grain must not exceed 45 degrees. 

BOARDS, 12, 14 AND 16 FEET. 

First and Second Clear finishing and step plank shall not be less than 
8 inches wide, and up to 10 inches shall be free of all defects. Widths over 
10 inches and up to 12 inches may have one sound knot % inch in diame- 
ter or knots equal to this on one face. Over 12 to 14 inches may have two 
such knots and three suchiinots over 14 inches. Bright sap is admissible. 
The above specifications shall apply to the face side of the board. 

Star Finish shall not be less than 8 inches in width and shall admit of 
sap stains and of three sound knots equivalent to 3 inches in diameter, and 
on face side. 

First Common admits of sound knots without regard to size or number, 
but shall be free from wane or splits that would materially injure the 
board. 

No. 2 Common shall consist of lumber not as good as first common, but 
admits of no board that cannot be used with a waste of one-fourth. 

FENCING. 

No. 1 Common fencing shall be well manufactured, and 4 and 6 inches 
wide and admits of sound knots that do not materially impair the strength 
of the piece. 



SOUTHWESTEEN ri>;E INSPECTION. 



201 



No. 2 Pencino consists of lumber not as good as first common, that can 
be used without a waste of more than one-quarter. 

DIMENSION. 

Piece stuff and small timbers shall be well manufactured, with not less 
than three square edges, free of unsound knots ; seasoning checks and 
shakes admissible to one-eighth the length of the piece. Timbers of 10x10 
and over may have a 2-inch wane on one comer, or its equivalent if on two 
or more comers, one-fourth of the length of the piece. 

SIZES. 

The standard thickness of inch flooring shall be 13-16 inch; of 1J4 inch 
flooring shall be 1 1-16 inch; of 5-8 ceiling, 9-16; of 14 ceiling, 7-16; of 3-8 
ceiling, 5-16. 

The standard width of 4 inch shall oe 3}i inch face; of 6 inch, 5% 
inch. Sized dimension shall be worked % inch off thickness and edge oflE 
2x4; 2x6 and over to be worked % inch off thickness and 14 inch off edge; 
4x4 and 4x6, one side and one edge, % off ; 4x4 and 4x6, four sides Yz 
inch off. 

Inch boards are finished, surfaced one or two sides to 13-16; I14 inch 
boards surfaced one or two sides, 1 1-16 inch; 1^4 inch boards surfaced 
one or two sides, 1 5-16 inch. 



WEIGHT. 
Flooring 13-16 inch, ) pounds. 

" 11-16 " [ 2,300 

" 15-16 " ) 

Ceiling, % inch 1,000 

Vs. " 1,300 

" % " 1,600 

H " 2,000 

Kev. Siding from inch stock 1,000 

" " 1^ inch stock 1^500 

Drop siding 13-16x6 " 2,300 

Molded Casings and Base 2 300 

Finishing ! .2^800 

Common Boards and Fencing, S 1 or 2 S 2,800 

" " Rough 3,200 

2x4, 2x6, 2x8, S 1 S and 1 E 2,500 

" Rough 3-200 

2x10 and 2x12, SIS and IE 2,800 

" " Rough 3' 400 

4x4 and 4x6, SIS and IE 3,000 

" " Rough 3800 

6x6, 6x8 and 8x8 S 1 S and 1 E 3600 

" ^"^I'S^ 4,000 

8x10 a»d over " 4,000 



i09. SOUTinVESTERN PTNE TXSrECTrO>\ 

GAUGES. 

In the standard thickness of 13-16 flooring, the groove shall be located 
7-32 from the bottom, the opening to be 9-32, leaving 5-16 above the groove 
to face the board. The tongue shall be located 7-32 from the bottom, be 
4-16 thick, leaving a shoulder 11-32 above the tongue. Depth of groove % 
inch, and length of tongue 5-16. In 1% inch, 1 inch, or % inch flooring the 
tongue and groove shall be located same distance from the bottom as in 
13-16 inch. 

1J4 flooring shall be dressed to 1 1-16 inch instead of l|?i inch. 

The Shimer matching is adopted for %, ^ and % ceiling in regard to lo- 
cation of tongue and groove. 



YOU SHOULD 

KE EP Post ed 

WHETHER YOU ARE A 

AfMUFACTU 
ERCHANT, 




I I / HBTHBR you saw hardwood or pine, whether you 
own a planing mill or manufacture sash, doors and 
blinds, if you are not a proprietor, but desire to achieve 
success in your trade or profession, whether you are in the 
North, South, Bast or West, you 

CANNOT KMQW TOO MUCH 

about the lumber business in its general scope, as well as in 
its details of more particular concern to you. 

Ignorance is not bliss in the lumber business, except for 
the other fellow. As to 

GET AND KEEP POSTED 

is a necessary condition of your success, and as 

EXPERIENCE IS A DEAR TEACHER 

you should, for economy's sake, invest $4 in a year's sub- 
scription to the journal which covers the lumber field and is 
the vade-mecum to success in it. In short 



L 



YOU SHOULD READ THE 




I O those who have an appreciation of what the LuM- 
-*- BERMAN is, such an admonition is unnecessary; but it 
may be that you have never had an opportunity of care- 
fully examining it, and so we would like briefly to tell 
you what it is. 

It is a weekly journal of 52 to 68 pages, which in eacb issue 
covers practically the entire field of lumber manufacturing 
and trade in America. Of its large number of pages, 20 to 
25 are occupied by fresh, original editorial matter, every line 
of which should be read by every lumberman who wishes to 
keep abreast of the times. It has in its service over sixty 
paid correspondents, representing nearly every important 
manufacturing point and market of the continent. This, 
with its large editorial force, enables it to furnish only the 
cream of its special information. 

A high-class, high-toned, high-priced journal — it com- 
mends itself to the intelligent consideration of business men. 
Its success, past and present, has been based upon its inde- 
pendent and straightforward course on all matters of interest 
to the trade. It has made for itself readers, and the fact 
that it has readers has made its advertising of value. 

In short, if j^ou are a lumberman you should read it, if you 
wish to make customers of lumbermen in any branch of the 
trade you should advertise in it. If you have already fol- 
lowed this advice you know that what is said above about 
the merits of the Lumberman is not exaggeration. If 
perhaps you have not, try it, and know by experience its 
value, 



Their Opinion, Based on Experience, is of Value. 



E. P. ALLKS Sl CO., I 

We consider the Northwestern I^umberman one of the best 
mediums for advertising that we know of, as it reaches directly the 
li umber trade, and we have shown our appreciation of it by carrying 
a full page advertisement in it for some years, and know that it richly 
repays us. E- P. ALIBIS & CO. 

RUSSEL WHEEL & FOU!»iDRY CO., DETROST. 

"We are surprised at the circulation of your paper. Inquiries are 
coming to us from nearly every State in the Union, and some of them 
mean business. RUSSE^I. WHE::^!, &l FOUNDRY CO. 

KEYSTONE LUMBER Sl IMPROVEMENT CO., 
BOGUE CHETTO, MISS. 

It is the only good advertising medium to reach the lumbermen of 
the country. I derive more information from one ad. in it than from 
any ten ads. I ever inserted in lumber or machinery line. It is a good 
recommend when your advertiser sa3'S, as I had to to you: "Take it out 
— give me a rest on mail matter." GE)0. S. lyACY. 

WM. ULRiCH, MILL FOREMAN. 

I have secured a good position through my ad. in the North- 
"^vestern Lumberman, and could have a dozen more if I wished. 
Have been obliged to answer a great many "already engaged." I have 
had more than the worth of my money, and any further insertion would 
be a burden to me in answering letters. After this, when I wish to ad- 
vertise anything connected -with sawmills or lumber, I will know where 
to go, and shall advise all others to go to the same place — the North- 
western Lumberman. I commence work next week in Mississippi. 

WM. ULRICH. 

A CHiCAQO REAL ESTATE DEALER. 



I have found the "For Sale" department of the Lumberman an ex- 
ceedingly satisfactory medium for placing the timber lands I have for 
sale belore the capitalists of the lumber trade. 

e;dwARD p. SHE:lDON, 88 and 90 Washington St. 

ATLANTA LUMBER COMPANY, ATLAs^TA, CA. 

Atlanta, Ga., 1888— "We wrote you, August 7, to take out our ad., 
'Sawyer and Filer wanted,' as we had employed the man. We are 
deluged with letters, and again insist on taking out the ad. or we will 
send j-^ou all the replies, so that you may answer them, and will send 
them to you by express, collect:'' ATLANTA LUMBFR CO., 

M. F. Amorous, G. M. 

After all, the value of the advertising of the Lumberman is most 
conclusively demonstrated by observing the fact that those who have 
once given it a fair trial, thereafter are always its patrons whenever 
they have anything to present to an}' part of the Lumber trade of the 
country. 



If You Want 



I'WO buy or sell anytliing in the Lumber Trade — If 
^ you want to buy or sell timber lands or lumber, 
saw mills or planing mills ; if you w^ant to buy or sell 
second-hand machinery ; if 3^ou want employment in any 
capacity, or if you want an employe, make the fact 
known through the Department of the IvUMBKRMAN headed 
"Wanted*' and '* For Sale," and you will be almost 
certain to accomplish your object. Remember that the 
IvUMBE^RMAN gocs everywhere, is read by all classes, and 
that it has become a very popular medium of exchange 
among its 25,000 or more readers, and everybody consults 
it every week to see what is wanted or what is for sale. 



CHEAPEST ADVERTISING IN THE WORLD 
'*^ CONSIDERING RESULTS OBTAINED. 



Some people, unused to this kind of advertising, may 
think the prices high,- but it should be borne in mind that 
advertising of any kind is cheap or dear precisely in the 
ratio of results obtained. That which brings no results is 
dear at any price, but of what consequence is a dollar or 
two if the advertisement brings j^ou what you want ? 

This argument will surely impress you favorably if you 
will think it over a moment. 

RESULTS ARE WHAT YOU WANT. 




KBT CASH PRICES 

IN THE "wanted" AND "FOR SALE" DEPARTMENT : 

For one insertion 25 cents per line, 

For two consecutive insertions 4° 

For four consecutive insertions 60 

For one year, 52 insertions $7- 20 

Payments must be made in advance. 

DIRECTIONS 

For Fstimating and Preparing Advertisements for this Department. 

Ten words of ordinary length make one line. 

Heading counts as two lines. 

Only one heading line can be allowed. 

No display except the heading can be admitted. 

No advertisement of less than four lines received. 

EXAMPLES 

Of such advertisements as the IvUMBErman can print in its " Wanted" 
and " For Sale ' Department, with measure and cost of each : 

WANTED-POPLAR AND WALNUT 

) THICKl^ESSES. 
WALLACE D. STAIECASE, 518 999th St., New York. 



A LL GPvADES AND THICKNESSES. 



Four lines; $1 for one week, $1.60 for two weeks, $2.40 for four weeks. 

WANTED-BOOKKEEPER 

BY A LUMBER MANUFACTURER; PREFER ONE HAVING SOME 
knowledge of the lumber business. Address 
"EASTERN LUMBER," care Northwesteek LuMBEKMAyr. 

Five lines; $1.25 for one week, $2 for two weeks, I3 for four weeks. 

FOR SALE-LOGGING ROAD EQUIPBVIENT 

LIGHT STEEL RAILS (ALL WEIGHTS) WITH SPIKES, SPLICES AND 
switches. Also light locomotives and cars for logging roads. Corres- 
pondence solicited. 

STEEL & CARMAN, Hamilton Building, Ironburgh, Pa. 

Six lines; $1.50 for one -week, $2.40 for two and $3.60 for four weeks. 
FOR SALE-SECOND-HAND l^ACHINERY 

IS-in. 4 sided Grant matcher. 
1 Hoyt No. 2 double surfacer. 
1 W. R. & R. double surfacer. 
Also a large lot sash and door machinery. Send for full list to 
THE FASTERLY MACHINE WORKS CO., 

38 and 40 Machinery St., Wlndtown. 

Eight lines; $2 for one week, $3.20 for two and $4.80 for four weeks. 



